Geographical Variation in Selection, from Phenotypes to Molecules

Kelly,

doi:10.2307/3844704

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…The variance positive effect of selection was largely caused by populations diverging in mean phenotype corresponding to different fitness optima (fig. 6 of Kelly, 2006; see also Slatkin, 1978). …”

Section: Selection and The Maintenance Of Trait Variationmentioning

confidence: 87%

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On the importance of balancing selection in plants

2013

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Summary Balancing selection refers to a variety of selective regimes that maintain advantageous genetic diversity within populations. We review the history of the ideas regarding the types of selection that maintain such polymorphism in flowering plants, notably heterozygote advantage, negative frequency-dependent selection, and spatial heterogeneity. One shared feature of these mechanisms is that whether an allele is beneficial or detrimental is conditional on its frequency in the population. We highlight examples of balancing selection on a variety of discrete traits. These include the well-referenced case of self-incompatibility and recent evidence from species with nuclear-cytoplasmic gynodioecy, both of which exhibit trans-specific polymorphism, a hallmark of balancing selection. We also discuss and give examples of how spatial heterogeneity in particular, which is often thought unlikely to allow protected polymorphism, can maintain genetic variation in plants (which are rooted in place) as a result of microhabitat selection. Lastly, we discuss limitations of the protected polymorphism concept for quantitative traits, where selection can inflate the genetic variance without maintaining specific alleles indefinitely. We conclude that while discrete-morph variation provides the most unambiguous cases of protected polymorphism, they represent only a fraction of the balancing selection at work in plants.

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Section: Selection and The Maintenance Of Trait Variationmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A concrete example is a simulation study motivated by the general features of geographically varying selection in plants (Kelly, 2006). The model considered Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for a trait with different fitness optima in different populations.…”

Section: Selection and The Maintenance Of Trait Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the importance of balancing selection in plants

2013

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“…In practice, locus-specific P values are based on an empirical distribution of the test statistic or a null distribution of the statistic under an assumed probablistic model. Regardless of the choice of test statistic, and regardless of whether parametric or nonparametric methods are used to identify outlier loci, it is important to appreciate that the effects of selection on patterns of variation at or near causative loci depend strongly on the genetic architecture of the selected trait, the intensity of selection on the trait, and the genetic structure of the population under consideration (34,94,112,114,138,165,178,185). In particular, theoretical and simulation studies have demonstrated that the ability to detect the effects of selection at individual loci is strongly affected by the dominance coefficient of the causative allele (194) and the initial frequency of the causative allele at the onset of selection (81,85,139,145,146,152,193).…”

Section: Insights Into the Genetic And Mechanistic Basis Of Physiologmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic approaches in comparative and evolutionary physiology

Storz

Bridgham

Kelly

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Whole animal physiological performance is highly polygenic and highly plastic, and the same is generally true for the many subordinate traits that underlie performance capacities. Quantitative genetics, therefore, provides an appropriate framework for the analysis of physiological phenotypes and can be used to infer the microevolutionary processes that have shaped patterns of trait variation within and among species. In cases where specific genes are known to contribute to variation in physiological traits, analyses of intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence can reveal molecular mechanisms of functional evolution and can provide insights into the possible adaptive significance of observed sequence changes. In this review, we explain how the tools and theory of quantitative genetics, population genetics, and molecular evolution can inform our understanding of mechanism and process in physiological evolution. For example, lab-based studies of polygenic inheritance can be integrated with field-based studies of trait variation and survivorship to measure selection in the wild, thereby providing direct insights into the adaptive significance of physiological variation. Analyses of quantitative genetic variation in selection experiments can be used to probe interrelationships among traits and the genetic basis of physiological trade-offs and constraints. We review approaches for characterizing the genetic architecture of physiological traits, including linkage mapping and association mapping, and systems approaches for dissecting intermediary steps in the chain of causation between genotype and phenotype. We also discuss the promise and limitations of population genomic approaches for inferring adaptation at specific loci. We end by highlighting the role of organismal physiology in the functional synthesis of evolutionary biology.

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“…The segregating alleles typically are presumed to originally occur at mutation-drift or mutation-selection balance (Hermisson & Pennings 2005). For polygenic selection on standing variation, adaptation might not yield fixation of particular alleles at any locus at all or any obvious molecular signals of positive selection, despite a robust phenotypic evolutionary response to even very strong selection on the phenotype (Latta 1998; Le Corre & Kremer 2003; Kelly 2006; Chevin & Hospital 2008). This will yield incomplete ‘partial’ selective sweeps at the trait loci that simply reflects shifts in allele-frequency (Chevin & Hospital 2008; Pritchard et al 2010).…”

Section: Rate Of Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular hyperdiversity and evolution in very large populations

2013

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The genomic density of sequence polymorphisms critically affects the sensitivity of inferences about ongoing sequence evolution, function, and demographic history. Most animal and plant genomes have relatively low densities of polymorphisms, but some species are hyperdiverse with neutral nucleotide heterozygosity exceeding 5%. Eukaryotes with extremely large populations, mimicking bacterial and viral populations, present novel opportunities for studying molecular evolution in sexually-reproducing taxa with complex development. In particular, hyperdiverse species can help answer controversial questions about the evolution of genome complexity, the limits of natural selection, modes of adaptation, and subtleties of the mutation process. However, such systems have some inherent complications and here we identify topics in need of theoretical developments. Close relatives of the model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster provide known examples of hyperdiverse eukaryotes, encouraging functional dissection of resulting molecular evolutionary patterns. We recommend how best to exploit hyperdiverse populations for analysis, for example, in quantifying the impact of non-crossover recombination in genomes and for determining the identity and micro-evolutionary selective pressures on non-coding regulatory elements.

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Geographical Variation in Selection, from Phenotypes to Molecules

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

On the importance of balancing selection in plants

On the importance of balancing selection in plants

Genetic approaches in comparative and evolutionary physiology

Molecular hyperdiversity and evolution in very large populations

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