Geographical route design of physical networks using earthquake risk information

Survivability enhancement of backbone optical networks leveraging seismic zone information

“…All the earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.5 on Richter scale (classified as "rather strong" by IMD) have been considered for simulations. The effect of an earthquake decreases exponentially with distance from its epicenter [4]. However, the actual effect of earthquakes depend not only on the magnitude of earthquake, and distance of a particular location from epicenter, but also on the local geology [6].…”

“…In this work, we propose a scheme, in which through minute changes in the locations of nodes of already deployed network, significant improvements in network survivability can be achieved. Although the probability of failures of nodes located in a high seismic zone is low [4], all the links connected to it may fail in event of an earthquake with epicenter near the node location, consequently resulting in complete connectivity loss in the affected area. Thus, in this work, we demonstrate through simulations, the effect of node relocation on the survivability of the presently deployed WDM network and future EONs against earthquakes.…”

“…However, the effects of natural calamities such as earthquakes are highly disastrous, that may result in multiple link or node failures, consequently disturbing the network connectivity to a greater extent, and may isolate the affected country from the rest of the world. Examples include Wenchuan earthquake in China which damaged 28, 765 km sheath of optic cables [3], 2011 Japan Tsunami [4], Hurricane Sandy, among others. Similar disasters occur every few years around the globe [3].…”

Cost-Effective Path Planning for Submarine Cable Network Extension

“…A numerical solution based on integer linear programming for optimally selecting cable paths from a given set of path alternatives was presented in [21]; this aimed to minimize the cost for both the affected society and cable owners in case of a disaster. Using earthquake hazard information, Tran and Saito [22] presented a method to maximize the robustness of a network by finding suitable geographical routes from various path alternatives under a cost constraint. In [23], Tran and Saito proposed to use dynamic programming to find new links and their routes to a network in a way that minimizes the total end-to-end disconnection probability under a given cost constraint.…”

Energy efficient optical backbone networks

“…Magnitude (M ) measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake, while Intensity (I) measures the strength of shaking produced by an earthquake at a certain location. If a macroseismic intensity level of I=5 (Mercalli scale) is accepted as the minimum earthquake ground motion/damage level that may affect a network link crossing this area [49], [50], an equivalent earthquake magnitude for this ground motion level should be determined. Following the intensity prediction relations proposed by Papazachos and Papaioannou [65] for the area of Greece, and considering the bias between Greek and European/US macroseismic scales [66], [67], it could be estimated from equations (4.9) and (4.10) that a magnitude M=5.0 earthquake (Richter scale) will result in a minimum intensity of I=5 within a radius of about 5km from the earthquake epicenter.…”