Geographical influences on the iodine status in pregnant women, neonates, and school-age children in China

Abstract

Background: Pregnant women, neonates, and school-age children are vulnerable to iodine deficiency. The iodine contents in the environment (drinking water and household salt for cooking) vary by geographical location in China. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status in vulnerable groups from different geographical zones and analyze the iodine content in household salt and drinking water from these zones. Methods: In coastal and inland regions of Zhejiang Province, China, samples of spot urine, drinking water, and household salt for cooking from both pregnant women and school-age children were determined for iodine concentration between 2017 and 2018. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels from neonates born between 2014 and 2015 were acquired from the Newborns Screening Information System. The iodine status of the vulnerable populations was assessed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. Results: The median UIC of pregnant women was significantly lower in the coastal region (113.0 μg/L) than the inland region (134.9 μg/L; p < 0.001). The median UICs of pregnant women from these two regions were below the lower optimal iodine cutoff level of 150 μg/L. The percentage of neonates with elevated TSH (> 5 mIU/L) was significantly higher in the coastal region (15.8%) than the inland region (10.5%; p < 0.001). The percentage of neonates with elevated TSH from each region decreased within the range of mild iodine deficiency of 3-19.9%. The median UIC of the coastal school-age children was 156.0 μg/L, and the median UIC of inland children was 181.5 μg/ L. Both medians fell within the recommended optimal iodine range of 100-299 μg/L. The iodine concentrations in drinking water varied from 1.0 μg/L in the inland region to 2.0 μg/L in the coastal region. The proportion of households that consumed iodized salt was lower in the coastal region (nearly 65%) than the inland region (approximately 95%). Conclusions: In these two regions with low iodine contents in drinking water, both pregnant women and neonates were iodine-deficient, although school-age children were iodine-sufficient. Urgent efforts are needed to improve the iodine status of pregnant women and neonates.

Assessment of Sustainable Elimination Criteria for Iodine Deficiency Disorders Recommended by International Organizations

“…However, it should also be noted that MUIC in children was higher than 130 μg/l in all subgroups including those with PHCAIS <90% in this study ( Figure 1A ) and children who consumed non-iodized salt still had adequate iodine status ( Table 1 ). This phenomenon was also seen in the Chinese population in samples/cohorts research that was different from ours ( 10 , 20 , 21 ). Multiple possible reasons may be responsible for these observations.…”

Iodine Nutrition and Related Factors of Mothers with Children under 2 Years Old from Three Different Areas in China: A Cross-sectional Survey

“…Since geographic in uences on the iodine status existed in pregnant and lactating women, neonates, and school-age children [26,27], and geographic locations with poor iodine status were suggested to identify [17], we then analyzed UIC differences among the three representative provinces. Our previous study concluded that the iodine nutritional status of school-age children varied among Hebei, Zhejiang and Guangxi, and lower MUIC and higher proportion of UIC < 100 µg/L was observed in Hebei and Zhejiang [9].…”

Low Iodine Intake May Decrease Women’s Fecundity: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

“…Though Zhejiang has achieved IDD elimination in pregnancy at a provincial level since 2011 [ 30 ], iodine status is regionally heterogeneous at a sub-provincial level, with iodine deficiency in coastal regions and iodine sufficiency in inland regions [ 27 , 31 ], presenting a unique setting throughout China to investigate the association between iodine deficiency and time required to conceive. Iodized salt accounted for 70–80% of the dietary iodine source for Zhejiang’s women [ 32 ].…”