Geographical Distribution of Vegetation of the Basins of the Rivers Eden, Tees, Wear, and Tyne

Lewis, Francis J.

doi:10.2307/1774990

Cited by 21 publications

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“…Bankin, and other areas in the North of England by F. J. Lewis (57); while in the Flora of Halifax' an interesting account of the vegetation of the parish is given by W. B. Crump To all these I am indebted in many w a y , and to the suggestions of Dr. W. G. Smith; whilst to Prof. C. Schroter I am especially indebted for much help in connection with the literature dealing with the various branches of the subject, and I have profited much by his kindly criticisms.…”

Section: Ecology In Britainmentioning

confidence: 94%

Ecology of Woodland Plants in the Neighbourhood of Huddersfield.

Woodhead¹

1906

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany

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SUMMARY .The vegetation of the Huddersfield district is naturally divided into three parallel zones :‐ (1) The Moss Moor, a part of the Pennines ranging in altitude from 1700 to 1000 feet. Of the three zones it is the most exposed, the climatic conditions are extreme, the soil consists chiefly of deep ill‐drained peat, on which Eriophorum vaginaturn dominates with very few associates. On the higher, drier ridges and moor‐edges, VacciniumMyrtillus with ericnceous plants are dominant. Though now 1mxtically a treeless region, there is much evidence that forests of Betida &c. extended over a considerable part of it, and much buried timber is found at the base of the peat. At the present time Quercus dies out at 1200 feet. A characteristic vegetation of Pteris aquilina with xerophyte associates covers the hill‐slopes and forms a transition region to Zone 2 . (2) THE Millstoxe‐Grit Plateau occupies the central portion of the dktrict, and the altitude ranges from 1000 t o 500 feet. In contrast to the Moss Moor, it consists of a series of fine plateilus with it general dip to the south‐east. The rocks consist mainly of coarse‐grained, jointed sandstones, overlaid by shallow pervious soils and i n parts by thin, reliitively dry pent. It is fully exposed to the Bun and drying east winds, and although the rainfall i8 moderately high (42 inches), water SO readily percolates or is drained off that i t is a typical, physio‐ logically dry area, and the vegetation is consequently xerophytic; ericxeous plants and xerophytic grasses dominating. Oak is the domiriant tree, with Birch and Pine. All the trees arc planted, but often o n the sites of primitive forest, and Oak was formerly much more abundant than a t present in this zone. 3) The Coal ‐ Measure Area‐III general the altitude ranges from 600 to 200 feet, except to the south‐east, where it rises to 1200 feet. The rocks consist of fine‐grained sandstones alternating with extensive deposits of shales and clays. The soils are often deep, frequently covered with much humus, and retain much water. Climatic conditions are medium, and nlthougli the rainfall is much lower (33 inches) than in Zone 2, owing to t h e nature of the soil water is more constant and the vegetation is mesophytic, except on soils over sandstone and in the higher parts, where xerophytes extend from the Gritstone Plateau.

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Section: Ecology In Britainmentioning

confidence: 94%

Ecology of Woodland Plants in the Neighbourhood of Huddersfield.

Woodhead¹

1906

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany

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“…Ash woods are characteristic of the slopes of the limestone hills of the west and north of England. In previous British vegetation memoirs, woods of this type have been described on the limestone of the mid-Pennines (Smith and Rankin, 1903), in Westmorland (Lewis, 1904 a), and in Somerset (Moss, 1907 a). They do not appear to have been described by continental plant geographers.…”

Section: Ash Woods Of Fraxinus Excelsiormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There seems little doubt, however, that the Nardus association of the Peak District is ecologically identical with that of the Wicklow Hills (Pethybridge and Praeger, 1905 : 157) and that of the northern Pennines (Lewis, 1904 a: 324; 1904 6: 275), even though the silver hair-grass is not included in the lists of these districts.…”

Section: Grassland Of the Sandstones And Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation of the Peak District

H.¹

1913

Nature

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It is not likely that traces of glaciation once existed here and have been obliterated, as the moorland plateau consists of uninhabited and unenclosed land where there is no necessity to remove boulders. Moreover, on hills immediately to the west, e.g., on the Macclesfield moors, and on the moors some miles to the north, e.g., on the Ilkley moors, glacial drift, boulders, and striae are found ; and it is inconceivable that all traces of glacial action should have been entirely obliterated from the moors of the central and eastern Peak District, and not from the similar and neighbouring moors of Macclesfield and Ilkley. It is highly probable, then, that the Peak of Derbyshire and the high lands to the north, east, and south of the Peak, stood up, even during the time of maximum glaciation, as a nunatak, and that the ice-sheet fringed the hills of the west of the district. The fluvio-glacial sands are probably attributable to material washed out at the edge of the waning ice-sheet. Barrow (1903 : 42) maintains that the glaciation of the neighbouring district of Cheadle, Staffordshire, ceased much earlier than in Northumberland and Scotland. River alluvium, consisting generally of gravels, occurs at the bottom of most of the larger valleys. The gravels are non-calcareous in the valleys of the sandstones and shales, as, for example, between Hope and Grindleford, and calcareous in the limestone area, as, for example, in lower Monsal Dale. They bring about no important changes in the vegetation. In lower Monsal Dale, a calcareous alluvial flat is uncultivated, and the plants there are such as occur on the other calcareous soils ; and near Grindleford, where a non-calcareous alluvial plain is also uncultivated, the plants are such as occur on the other non-calcareous soils. At the present time, the river gravels are mostly under cultivation, chiefly as permanent pasture ; but a moderate quantity of wheat is grown on the gravelly alluvium near the confluence of the two streams, the Noe Water and the Derwent. In early times, it is not improbable that these alluvial tracts were characterized by woods of the " alder and willow series " (cf. Moss, Rankin, and Tansley, 1910 : 122, et seq.). Peat occurs on the summits of the higher non-calcareous hills, including the plateaux of chert in the limestone area, and is fully dealt with in Chapter VII. It is remarkable that very extensive deposits of peat in this country, both lowland I] 11 3" 1 *a C O o ! 65 per cent.; and, at 500m., out of the 25 days on which readings were taken, the humidity fell below 60 per cent, on 12 days. The number of days on which the atmospheric humidity fell below 60 per cent., and the monthly distribution of these Hays, are indicated below :

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“…m. in area and the records made give the species present, those abundant (covering more than. one-fifth of the area) or frequent (covering more than one-twentieth of the area or more than twenty Lewis (1904). The main watershed is shown as a dotted line, the county boundary as a lettered broken line south of A.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking such features into consideration and utilizing the data available for the Lune Forest justVEGETATION: TYPES OF COMMUNITY AND THEIR INTER-RELATIONSThe Sphagnum community identified by Lewis covers a large part of the area as shown inFig. 2 Lewis (1904). gave a brief general description of this community in which he stated that Sphagnum was dominant and that Rubus chamaemorus, Erica tetralix and Oxycoccus quadripetala were frequent, while Eriophorum angu4stfolium, Empetrum nigrum and Calluna vulgaris were Eriophorum community.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The "Mosses" of the Stainmore District

Pearsall¹

1941

The Journal of Ecology

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Geographical Distribution of Vegetation of the Basins of the Rivers Eden, Tees, Wear, and Tyne

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Ecology of Woodland Plants in the Neighbourhood of Huddersfield.

Ecology of Woodland Plants in the Neighbourhood of Huddersfield.

Vegetation of the Peak District

The "Mosses" of the Stainmore District

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