Geographical distribution of an 18th-century heart rot outbreak in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp.occidentalis Hook.)

Knapp, Paul A.; Soulé, Peter T.

doi:10.1006/jare.1998.0466

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…They found significant correlations between lower elevation and infection prevalence, suggesting a meteorological connection (i.e., cold-air drainage) that appears to be supported by our results [i.e., Fig. I in Knapp and Soulé (1999) shows a pattern of infection intensity associated with the lowest temperatures shown in Fig. I of our paper].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Exceptional minimum temperatures that cause canopy dieback may provide an entry point for fungal pathogens that cause heart rot. Knapp and Soulé (1999) examined 12 tree-ring chronologies of western juniper in the interior PNW and suggested that the fungal pathogen Antrodia juniperina was the probable cause of a widespread heart rot occurrence between 1730 and 1749. They found significant correlations between lower elevation and infection prevalence, suggesting a meteorological connection (i.e., cold-air drainage) that appears to be supported by our results [i.e., Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is most dominant in central and eastern Oregon, where it occupies approximately two million hectares (Gedney et al 1999), but the species extends into portions of Washington, southeast Idaho, northeast California, and Nevada . It is long-lived (>1600 yr) and exhibits high resilience to environmental perturbations, because it has high drought tolerance ) and disease resistance (Knapp and Soulé 1999). Western juniper mortality is typically associated with senescence: and, in the absence of major fires, it is uncommon to observe trees either dead or with severe limb dieback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of an Extreme Early-Season Freeze Event in the Interior Pacific Northwest (30 October–3 November 2002) on Western Juniper Woodlands

Knapp

Soulé

2005

Journal of Applied Meteorology

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In mid-autumn 2002, an exceptional 5-day cold spell affected much of the interior Pacific Northwest, with minimum temperatures averaging 13°C below long-term means (1953-21)112). On 31 October, minimum temperature records occurred at 98 of the 106 recording stations, with records lowered in some locations by 9°C. Calculation of recurrence intervals of minimum temperatures shows that 50%% of the stations experienced a >500-yr event. The synoptic conditions responsible were the development of a pronounced high pressure ridge over western Canada and an intense low pressure area centered in the Intermountain West that promoted strong northeasterly winds. The cold spell occurred near the end of the growing season for an ecologically critical and dominant tree species of the interior Pacific Northwest--western juniper--and followed an extended period of severe drought. In spring 2003, it became apparent that the cold had caused high rates of tree mortality and canopy dieback in a species that is remarkable for its longevity and resistance to climatic stress. The cold event altered western juniper dominance in some areas, and this alteration may have long-tern impacts on water budgets, fire intensities and frequencies, animal species interrelationships, and interspecific competition among plant species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of an Extreme Early-Season Freeze Event in the Interior Pacific Northwest (30 October–3 November 2002) on Western Juniper Woodlands

Knapp

Soulé

2005

Journal of Applied Meteorology

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“…Across all sites there was a sharp decline in samples collected with greater than 270 rings due to the onset of heartwood rot in the 1730s. This phenomena was reported across a relatively extensive area for western juniper by Knapp and Soule (1999). Trees for which complete or nearly complete cores were obtained had a median ring count of 288 years.…”

Section: Tree Age and Formsupporting

confidence: 52%

Community characteristics of old-growth western juniper woodlands

Waichler¹,

Miller²,

Doescher³

2001

REM

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While considerable attention has been given to the areal expansion of juniper (Juniperus sp.) in the western United States, the presence and ecological significance of old-growth juniper communities has gone largely unnoted. Increased recognition of these communities has prompted questions about how to recognize oldgrowth, community structure, ecological importance, and appropriate management. As an initial analysis of old-growth western juniper woodlands (Juniperus occidentalis Hook var. occidentalis Vasek) in central Oregon, this study investigated old-growth community structure on eolian-sand derived soils. These woodlands represent the most extensive old-growth western juniper woodlands throughout its range. Nine study plots were established at 7 sites. Within each plot, densities and physical attributes of all live trees and large standing and fallen woody detritus were recorded. Additional measurements for live trees included canopy cover, apparent age class (pre-or postsettlement), and a sampling of tree ages. Aging of trees older than 250 years was complicated by extensive heartwood rot. Shrub density and cover were measured by species. Understory cover was measured by species and functional type. Bare ground, rock, juniper litter, other litter, moss, and cryptogamic crust cover were also measured. Plant cover ranged from 11 to 33% for trees, 0 to 10% for shrubs, 3 to 12% for perennial grasses, 1 to 2% for forbs, and from 0 to 0.1% for annual grasses. The woodlands contained at least 80 trees ha -1 aged over 200 years. Correlations between tree parameters and understory structure and composition were generally poor. Differences in plant composition among these stands was primarily attributed to elevation, slope, and percent sand content. Structural characteristics that distinguished old-growth stands from younger stands included tree growth form, presence of standing and dead large woody debris, lichen on dead branches, and a relatively open canopy. Results provide a preliminary basis for identifying old-growth Juniperus occidentalis stands, as a prelude to the development of management plans and further research into the functional characteristics of the systems. A definition of old-growth juniper woodlands is presented.

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“…The relative susceptibility of tree species found in eastern Canada can be approximated from earlier works (Downs 1938, Croxton 1939, Lemon 1961, Bruederle and Steams 1985 Abell(1934), Lemon (1961), and Whitney and Johnson (1984) noted the role of ice storm damage in forest suc- Gymnopilus spectabilis, Phellinus igniarius, and Oxypoms pop- Tracellight 599513 194361 793 874 Moderate 529718 291 147 820 865 Moderate-to-Severe 567 737 114017 681 754 Severe 73 601 5 129 78 730 Total 1 770 569 604 654 2 375 223 to fungi, which invade through wounds and cause decay and stains, and by wood-boring insects and diseases such as Armillaria root rot which attack the stressed trees. Knapp and Soule (1999) suggest that past ice storms might explain the geographical distribution of stem decays in stands of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decay, stains, and beetles in ice-storm-damaged forests: A review

Hopkin¹,

Greifenhagen²,

Holland³

2001

The Forestry Chronicle

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A potential long-term threat to ice-damaged forests exists from decays, stains, and wood-boring insects. Damage to large branches or to the main stem can result in heartwood decay, particularly in older or less healthy trees. However, in branch stubs with a diameter of less than 7.5 cm, decay progresses to only a limited degree. Stem damage is not usual after ice storms. However, sunscald is common in sugar maple stands with damaged crowns, sometimes resulting in infection by the sap rot fungus Cerrena unicolor. Fungi of the genera Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis and Ceratocystiopsis (blue stains) can cause significant staining to standing timber in damaged softwood stands; however, these fungi do not cause structural damage. Bark beetles (scolytidae) and wood-borers (buprestidae and cerambycidae), which attack damaged trees in northeastern North America are normally secondary invaders. However, thinning of the canopy from ice damage could cause increased infestation by these insects.Key words: ice storm, decay, fungi, beetle Une menace potentielle B long terme pour les for2ts endommagees par le verglas existe sous la forme de pourritures, dCcolorations et insectes perceurs du bois. Les dCgPts occasionnCs aux grosses branches ou B la tige principale peuvent entrainer une pourriture au niveau du bois de cceur, particulikrement chez les arbres plus dgCs ou moins vigoureux. Toutefois, dans le cas de chicots de branche d'un diamktre infCrieur B 7,s cm, la pourriture progresse seulement jusqu'k un certain niveau. Les dCgPts B la tige ne sont pas courants ap&s un verglas. Toutefois, les br6lures par le soleil sont frkquentes dans les peuplements d'irable i sucre dont les cimes ont Ct C endommagkes, rksultant quelques fois en une infection par le champignon de la carie de la s h e Cerrena unicolor. Les champignons du genre Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis et Ceratocystiosis (dCcoloration bleue) peuvent provoquer une dCcoloration importante du bois dans le cas de peuplements endornmagks de rksineux; cependant, ces champignons n'entrainent pas de dCgdts structuraux. Les scolytes de 1'Ccorce (scotytidks) et les insectes perceurs (buprestidCs et cerambycidCs), qui attaquent les arbres endommagCs dans le nord-est de 1'AmCrique du Nord sont habituellement des envahisseurs secondaires. Toutefois, une Cclaircie du couvert des arbres endommagCs par le verglas pourrait accroitre l'infestation de ces insectes.

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Geographical distribution of an 18th-century heart rot outbreak in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp.occidentalis Hook.)

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Impacts of an Extreme Early-Season Freeze Event in the Interior Pacific Northwest (30 October–3 November 2002) on Western Juniper Woodlands

Impacts of an Extreme Early-Season Freeze Event in the Interior Pacific Northwest (30 October–3 November 2002) on Western Juniper Woodlands

Community characteristics of old-growth western juniper woodlands

Decay, stains, and beetles in ice-storm-damaged forests: A review

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