“…Conditions in the larval environment may exert effects that extend beyond the larval stage, however. Evidence of such a link is only well documented in insects, for which experimental studies have shown that larval density and food availability affect adult body size, fecundity, survival, and age at first reproduction [e.g., fruit flies (Chiang and Hodson 1950, Barker and Padger 1970, Pratt and McChesney 1985, Pratt 1986, pitcher plant mosquitoes (Mauer and Istack 1980, Bradshaw 1986, Bradshaw and Holzopful 1988, Aedes mosquitoes (Hawley 1985), damselflies (Banks andThompson 1987, Anhalt 1991), house flies (Black and Krafsur 1986), and crickets (Simmons 1987)]. In amphibians, another taxon with a complex life cycle, potential larval effects on adult traits are less well documented.…”