Geographic Variation in Cranial Shape in the Pumpkin Toadlet (Brachycephalus Ephippium): A Geometric Analysis

Clemente-Carvalho, Rute B. G.; Monteiro, Leandro R.; Bonato, Vinícius; Rocha, H.S.; Pereira, Gabriela Ribeiro; Oliveira, Davi F.; Lopes, Ricardo Tadeu; Haddad, Célio F. B.; Martins, Eduardo Gomes; Reis, Sérgio Furtado dos

doi:10.1670/07-141r1.1

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Within the genus Brachycephalus , B. ephippium has the largest geographic distribution (Clemente‐carvalho et al. , 2008), with several apparently isolated populations occurring in the ‘serras’ (isolated or continuous hills along the coastal Serra do Mar and the inland Serra da Mantiqueira) in the States of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo, Brazil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology and development of additional bony elements in the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Campos

Silva

Sebben

2010

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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We describe the extra bony elements, plates, and osteoderms present in species of the genus Brachycephalus. Samples of eight species of Brachycephalus, including seven populations of Brachycephalus ephippium, were examined. The large additional elements associated with the skull (parotic plate) and vertebrae (vertebral and paravertebral plates) all comprise intramembranous bone, similar to that of the frontoparietal or nasal bones of the skull of most of frogs. Additionally, in the dermis of one unnamed species, we discovered and described true osteoderms. We discuss the morphological nature and diversity of theses elements and their importance as evidence of phylogenetic relationship within Brachycephalus. In summary, three distinct conditions of extra bony elements occur in the genus Brachycephalus: (1) bony plates may be present or absent in species of the genus; (2) a few, small bony plates may be developed and these may be represented by (a) paravertebral plates small and restricted to the distal ends of the transverse processes of the presacral IV, (b) parotic plates small and not covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) ornamented spinal plates on all vertebrae; and (3) well-developed bony plates may be present as (a) paravertebral plates forming a 'bone-shield' on the dorsal surface of the trunk, ornamented, and visible through the integument, (b) parotic plates covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) spinal plates associated with all vertebrae, and ornamented on vertebrate I-VI. Although the phenomenon of miniaturization may be associated with the appearance of new elements in at least some of the species in the genus, the traditional rule may not be universally applicable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite homogeneity of external morphology in specimens of B. ephippium collected throughout the species broad geographical range, morphological variations among them have been reported, and may be indicative of the existence of cryptic species (Clemente‐carvalho et al. , 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and development of additional bony elements in the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Campos

Silva

Sebben

2010

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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“…Brachycephalus ephippium Bokermann (1966), Pombal-Junior et al (1994), Pombal-Junior (1999), Dayrell et al (2006b), Clemente-Carvalho et al (2008) …”

Section: Apêndice 2 Dados Da Literaturas Utilizados Para Elaboração mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpetofauna da Serra do Brigadeiro, um remanescente de Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil

et al. 2012

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Apresentamos uma lista de anfíbios e répteis de uma região ao norte do complexo serrano da Mantiqueira, sob denominação local de Serra do Brigadeiro. Esta região compreende um remanescente de Mata Atlântica com destaque para o Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, unidade de conservação com aproximadamente 15 mil ha nos municípios de Araponga, Divino, Ervália, Fervedouro, Miradouro, Muriaé, Pedra Bonita e Sericita, estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Através da adoção de métodos complementares como o uso de armadilhas de interceptação e queda e postos de coleta, além de métodos convencionais de busca ativa, encontros ocasionais e registros em coleção científica, a presente lista amplia o conhecimento sobre a herpetofauna dessa região. Nós registramos 98 espécies da herpetofauna, sendo 57 de anuros, um gimnofiono, nove lagartos, uma anfisbênia, 29 serpentes e um quelônio. Embora nenhuma espécie de anfíbio encontrada seja considerada ameaçada de extinção em Minas Gerais, no Brasil ou pela IUCN, 11 espécies (18,96%) são consideradas como Deficiente de Dados. Verifica-se um alto número de espécies exclusivas da Mata Atlântica (46,55%) ou de distribuição restrita (20,68%). Destaca-se o encontro da perereca Gastrotheca ernestoi e a rã Megaelosia apuana, respectivamente o primeiro e segundo registro desses gêneros para Minas Gerais. A cecília Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis também é redescoberta. Entre os répteis, pode-se destacar a presença do cágado Hydromedusa maximiliani, que aparece como vulnerável nas listas vermelhas de Minas Gerais e da IUCN. Sessenta por cento das espécies de répteis apresentam ampla distribuição na Mata Atlântica, e a presença das serpentes Echinanthera melanostigma e E. undulata, são importantes como, respectivamente, o segundo e terceiro registro dessas espécies para Minas Gerais.

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“…The variation in cranial shape among the species of Brachycephalus was assessed on the basis of 15 anatomical (cranial) landmarks. These landmarks were chosen to sample relevant features of cranial morphology as previously described by Clemente-Carvalho et al (2008). They are defined as follows (Fig.…”

Section: Phenotypic Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in cranial shape among the species of Brachycephalus were visualized as deformation grids (Rohlf 1993;Adams et al, 2004). In these statistical analyses males and females were combined due to the lack of significant sexual dimorphism in cranial shape (Clemente-Carvalho et al, 2008.…”

Section: Phenotypic Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic diversity in miniaturized toadlets, genus Brachycephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Clemente-Carvalho

Klaczko

Pérez

et al. 2011

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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Toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus are endemic to the Atlantic rainforests of southeastern and southern Brazil. The 14 species currently described have snout-vent lengths less than 18 mm and are thought to have evolved through miniaturization: an evolutionary process leading to an extremely small adult body size. Here, we present the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for Brachycephalus, using a multilocus approach based on two nuclear (Rag-1 and Tyr) and three mitochondrial (Cyt b, 12S, and 16S rRNA) gene regions. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using a partitioned Bayesian analysis of concatenated sequences and the hierarchical Bayesian method (BEST) that estimates species trees based on the multispecies coalescent model. Individual gene trees showed conflict and also varied in resolution. With the exception of the mitochondrial gene tree, no gene tree was completely resolved. The concatenated gene tree was completely resolved and is identical in topology and degree of statistical support to the individual mtDNA gene tree. On the other hand, the BEST species tree showed reduced significant node support relative to the concatenate tree and recovered a basal trichotomy, although some bipartitions were significantly supported at the tips of the species tree. Comparison of the log likelihoods for the concatenated and BEST trees suggests that the method implemented in BEST explains the multilocus data for Brachycephalus better than the Bayesian analysis of concatenated data. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics revealed marked variation in cranial shape between the species of Brachycephalus. In addition, a statistically significant association was demonstrated between variation in cranial shape and genetic distances estimated from the mtDNA and nuclear loci. Notably, B. ephippium and B. garbeana that are predicted to be sister-species in the individual and concatenated gene trees and the BEST species tree share an evolutionary novelty, the hyperossified dorsal plate.

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Geographic Variation in Cranial Shape in the Pumpkin Toadlet (Brachycephalus Ephippium): A Geometric Analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Morphology and development of additional bony elements in the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Morphology and development of additional bony elements in the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Herpetofauna da Serra do Brigadeiro, um remanescente de Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil

Molecular phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic diversity in miniaturized toadlets, genus Brachycephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae)

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