Geographic variation in COVID-19 vulnerability by legal immigration status in California: a prepandemic cross-sectional study

Sohn, Heeju; Aqua, Jasmine Ko

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054331

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Cultural changes, unawareness of the new culture, and as a result, cultural-social isolation have also been considered problems faced by immigrants ( 22 , 24 , 30 ). It is useful to create communication channels between the officials and immigrants to announce their problems and participate in solving the problems ( 10 , 25 ). Some support centers should also be launched for immigrants regardless of the type of migration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than half of the articles have addressed the Covid-19 epidemic and the vulnerability of immigrants and refugees ( 4 , 12 , 18 , 22 , 25 , 27 , 28 ). The most important vulnerability of this group includes livelihood problems ( 22 , 25 , 30 ) and housing and living problems ( 27 ) as well as vulnerability caused by limited access to vaccination facilities and medical care ( 20 , 22 ). Problems related to education and social isolation can also severely affect this group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social vulnerabilities among immigrants and refugees in emergencies and disasters: a systematic review

Doust Mohammadi,

Salmani,

Farahmandnia

2024

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundDue to cultural, economic, and societal factors, immigrants and refugees are pivotal groups in dealing with social vulnerability in disasters. Ignoring or inadequate attention to those groups in preparing for and responding to disasters and health emergencies could decrease the effectiveness of efforts. This article aims to identify the most basic social vulnerabilities among immigrants and refugees and provide effective solutions to alleviate or eliminate these vulnerabilities.MethodsThis systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The main keywords include Social Vulnerabilities, Immigrants, Refugees, and Disasters. All articles published up to February 2023 were reviewed regardless of language and location. A total of 575 articles were extracted from SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases, and finally, 14 articles were selected for full-text analysis. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) was used to evaluate the quality of the selected articles.ResultsFourteen articles including 4 qualitative and 10 quantitative articles were selected and analyzed in this review. The findings showed: 1. According to the consensus of the studies, the most vulnerable people who need urgent care during an epidemic due to their special conditions are immigrants and refugees; 2. In most countries, no database provides reliable, up-to-date, and accurate statistics about these people; 3. Refugees usually hesitate to express their vulnerability and receive services due to the fear of deportation; and 4. The main challenges faced by refugees are socio-economic problems such as language problems, lack of emotional and social support, and living in crowded places.ConclusionConsidering the prevalence of migration among countries, it is essential to identify the social problems and vulnerabilities of immigrants and provide effective solutions to cope with their challenges, especially during crises and emergencies.Systematic review registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier CRD42022371345.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social vulnerabilities among immigrants and refugees in emergencies and disasters: a systematic review

Doust Mohammadi,

Salmani,

Farahmandnia

2024

Front. Public Health

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“…Moreover, we estimated the difference in the risk of neurodevelopmental delay based on the geographical location of residence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. The geographical location of residence is an important indicator of children’s neurodevelopment, encompassing factors such as their behaviors, access to well-childcare centers, treatment of neurodevelopmental dysfunction, and the diagnosis of neurodevelopment [ 17 , 40 ]. Further, we found that the negative impacts on fine motor function, cognition, communication, social interaction, and self-care were more pronounced among urban children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and childhood development aged 30 to 36 months in South Korea, based on the National health screening program for infants and children database

Lee,

Choi,

Kim

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the neurodevelopment of children. However, the precise effects of the virus and the social consequences of the pandemic on pediatric neurodevelopment are not yet fully understood. We aimed to compare the neurodevelopment of children between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as examine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and regional differences on the development. Methods The study used the Korean Developmental Screening Test to compare the difference in the risk of neurodevelopmental delay between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of neurodevelopmental delay. Stratified analyses were performed to determine whether the developmental delays caused by the pandemic’s impact varied depending on SES or regional inequality. Results This study found an association between the experience of COVID-19 and a higher risk of neurodevelopmental delay in communication (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 1.22; P-value: < 0.0001) and social interaction (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.17; P-value: < 0.0001) domains among children of 30–36 months’ ages. Notably, the observed association in the Medicaid group of children indicates a higher risk of neurodevelopmental delay compared to those in the non-Medicaid group. Conclusions These findings highlight the need to be concerned about the neurodevelopment of children who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also calls for increased training and support for Medicaid children, parents, teachers, and healthcare practitioners. Additionally, policy programs focused on groups vulnerable to developmental delays are required.

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“…However, this study provides two key contributions to the literature on COVID-19 vaccine health inequities by race, ethnicity, and citizenship. First, although previous studies have examined COVID-19 inequities by race and ethnicity [ 10 , 11 , 28 ] or have speculated how there may be disparities by citizenship [ 8 , 9 , 12 , 27 , 34 ], our study provides a detailed look at how willingness to vaccinate may be different by race/ethnicity and citizenship. Examining the intersections of race, ethnicity, and citizenship allows us to examine how potential vulnerability compounds to produce health inequities [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in California: Disparities by Race and Citizenship Status

Bacong

Haro-Ramos

2022

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Although it is widely acknowledged that racialized minorities may report lower COVID-19 vaccine willingness compared to non-Hispanic white individuals, what is less known, however, is whether the willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine also differs by citizenship. Understanding disparities in vaccine willingness by citizenship is particularly important given the misleading rhetoric of some political leaders regarding vaccine eligibility by citizenship status. This study used the 2020 California Health Interview Survey ( n = 21,949) to examine disparities in vaccine willingness by race/ethnicity and citizenship among Asian, Latinx, and non-Hispanic white individuals. Overall, 77.7% of Californians indicated that they were willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine if it was made available. However, there were distinct differences by race/ethnicity and citizenship. Asian people, regardless of citizenship, had the highest predicted probability of vaccine willingness, accounting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors. Non-citizen Latinx and non-citizen non-Hispanic white people had higher predicted probabilities of vaccine willingness compared to their US-born counterparts, accounting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors. Our results reveal that although vaccine willingness may be high among non-citizen individuals, it may not necessarily translate into actual vaccine uptake. Furthermore, while individual-level factors may account for some of the differences in vaccine willingness by race/ethnicity and citizenship, other institutional and structural barriers prevent vaccine uptake.

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Geographic variation in COVID-19 vulnerability by legal immigration status in California: a prepandemic cross-sectional study

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Social vulnerabilities among immigrants and refugees in emergencies and disasters: a systematic review

Social vulnerabilities among immigrants and refugees in emergencies and disasters: a systematic review

Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and childhood development aged 30 to 36 months in South Korea, based on the National health screening program for infants and children database

Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in California: Disparities by Race and Citizenship Status

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