Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation

Hanchette, Carol; Schwartz, Marc

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::aid-cncr2820701224>3.0.co;2-g

Cited by 570 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our suggestion of a relationship between the calcidiol level and cancer prognosis is supported by a number of publications showing a north -south gradient of cancer incidence and/or death rates in many countries in the northern hemisphere Gorham et al, 1990;Hanchette and Schwartz, 1992;John et al, 1999;Grant, 2002Grant, , 2004Grant and Garland, 2004;Tuohimaa et al, 2004). Practically all investigators are of the opinion that this gradient is related to sun-induced vitamin D 3 in skin.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

Season of diagnosis is a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a possible role of sun-induced vitamin D

et al. 2005

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Experimental studies show that vitamin D derivatives are potent anticarcinogenic factors. Epidemiological observations support this, and vitamin D sufficiency has been hypothesised to be an important risk-reducing factor in several forms of cancer. Vitamin D level exhibits seasonal variations. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of the season of diagnosis on the risk of death among Hodgkin's lymphoma patients diagnosed in Norway between 1964 and 2000. Risk estimates were calculated as relative risk (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), using Cox regression model. Epidemiological data for this period indicate that season of diagnosis is a strong prognostic factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma, with E20% lower case fatality for patients diagnosed during autumn vs winter diagnosis (RR ¼ 0.783, 95% CI,À0.62 to 0.99; P ¼ 0.041). Notably, the improved autumnal survival rate was higher than 60% (RR ¼ 0.364, 95% CI, À0.15 to 0.87; P ¼ 0.025) for patients younger than 30 years. This finding may be related to higher endogenous levels of vitamin D in autumn, with a favourable influence on the conventional therapy. Ultraviolet B radiation from the sun contributes strongly to the vitamin D status in humans. Norway (581 -711N) has pronounced seasonal variation in the UV fluence rate. During the summer season, the UV radiation is moderately strong, while during the winter season, practically no vitamin D is generated by UV radiation (Holick, 1994a). The maximal concentration of calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 ), which has been found in July -September (Lund and Sorensen, 1979;Vik et al, 1980;Brot et al, 2001), is about 50% higher than the baseline level measured during winter, as illustrated in Figure 1D.Since it is known that vitamin D derivates can modulate proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells (Zehnder et al, 2001;Zittermann, 2003) and since the serum level of the vitamin D metabolite calcidiol is almost 50% higher in the summer than in the winter season, we wanted to investigate whether the prognosis of malignant diseases in the Norwegian population might be related to the season of their diagnosis. We have hypothesised that the endogenous level of calcidiol at the time when the conventional therapy is started is of therapeutic or prognostic significance.Our suggestion of a relationship between the calcidiol level and cancer prognosis is supported by a number of publications showing a north -south gradient of cancer incidence and/or death rates in many countries in the northern hemisphere (Garland et al,

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supporting

confidence: 61%

Season of diagnosis is a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a possible role of sun-induced vitamin D

et al. 2005

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“…In ecological studies of populations and sunlight exposure (no individual data) sunlight has been found to have a protective effect for prostate cancer [136], ovarian cancer [137], and breast cancer [138]. Recently Grant found that sunlight was also protective for bladder, endometrial, renal cancer, multiple myeloma, and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma in Europe [139] and bladder, esophageal, kidney, lung, pancreatic, rectal, stomach, and corpus uteri cancer in the USA [140].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

Donaldson¹

2004

Nutr J

550

344

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It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source of sulforophane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines here it is likely that there would be at least a 60–70 percent decrease in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40–50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.

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“…Thus, it was concluded that UVB had a protective effect against development of prostate cancer. 28 In 1992, Hanchette and Schwartz 22 proposed that sunlight and vitamin D may play a role in prostate cancer. Mortality rates in the United States from prostate cancer showed a negative correlation with UVB exposure.…”

Section: Search Strategy and Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Both body mass index and lean body mass were positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer and were more strongly related to mortality than to incidence. Other factors that influence the occurrence of the disease are dietary habits (diet that includes a high intake of fat, meat and dairy products), 22,23 pattern of sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, 24 exposure to ultraviolet radiation, 22,[25][26][27][28] occupational exposure 29 and familial genetic inheritance. 5,[30][31][32][33][34][35] Finally, factors such as smoking, 36 vasectomy 37 and physical activity 38 have been investigated in several studies, but the general consensus is that they do not affect risk of prostate cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological literature

Gupta

Lammersfeld

Trukova

et al. 2009

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Prostate cells contain vitamin D receptors as well as enzymes necessary for vitamin D metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites have an antiproliferative and a pro-differentiating effect on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. As a result, there has been an emerging interest in the potential role of vitamin D in the etiology of prostate cancer. This review summarizes all available epidemiological literature on the association between dietary vitamin D, circulating levels of vitamin D and sunlight exposure in relation to prostate cancer risk. To place these studies in context, we also provide some background information on vitamin D, such as its dietary sources, metabolism, optimal levels, hypovitaminosis and relationship with the prostate.

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Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation

Cited by 570 publications

References 32 publications

Season of diagnosis is a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a possible role of sun-induced vitamin D

Season of diagnosis is a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a possible role of sun-induced vitamin D

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological literature

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