Geographic distribution of Meriones shawi,Psammomys obesus, and Phlebotomus papatasi the main reservoirs and principal vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East and North Africa

Karmaoui, Ahmed; Salem, Abdelkrim Ben; Sereno, Denis; Jaafari, Samir El; Hajji, Lhoussain

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00247

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…When looking at the-vectors and reservoirs of ZCL across diffe-rent countries, including Iran, the Middle-East, Africa, and Central Asia, it is clear that dese-rt rodents, particularly species like-Rhombomys opimus, play a crucial role as reservoirs for ZCL. The-common reservoirs in North African countries are-Meriones shawi (MS) and Psammomys obesus (PO) (28,5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 4 shows the degree of ZCL risk depending on the reservoir and density of S and their relationship (5) This table from the study by Ahmed Karmaoui et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite many efforts to control the disease, ZCL continues to pose a threat to of its complex transmission process involving vectors, hosts, and human activities. The endemic nature of ZCL in Iran, along with new outbreaks and fluctuating infection rates, highlight the urgent need to deeply understand its epidemiology to design effective control and prevention strategies (60)(61)(62)(63)(64)5,97,17). In certain parts of Iran, re-searchers have de-tected contamination by various types of rode-nts, including R. opimus, M. libycus, M. persicus, T. indica, and N. indica.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

jamali,

Bokaie

2024

Preprint

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Introduction and objectives: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) remains a significant health problem, particularly in Iran, where 15.8 cases per 100,000 people were reported in 2019. Iran accounted for more than half of all new cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region in 2008. entified several countries in the Middle East and North Africa, including Syria, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and Egypt, as having the highest rates of this disease, which is a major burden in the rural areas of these regions. ZCL is a major global health problem, especially in countries such as Iran, the Middle East and North Africa.ZCL is a major global health problem, particularly in countries such as Iran, the Middle East and North Africa. Despite the existing research on cutaneous leishmaniasis, few studies focus exclusively on the epidemiologic aspects of ZCL. This systematic study aims to fill this gap by investigating the geographical distribution and cause of occurrence and identifying reservoirs, vectors and sites of ZCL occurrence, focusing on high-risk areas such as Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa in figure 8. Areas suitable for vector-borne transmission and ZCL reservoirs are expected to increase in the future. Understanding the ecological links between vectors, reservoirs and the Leishmania parasite is crucial for the development of effective control and prevention strategies. It is expected that the regions favorable for vector-borne transmission and the reservoirs of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) will expand as environmental conditions evolve. To develop effective control and prevention strategies, it is important to understand the ecological interplay between vectors, reservoirs and the leishmaniasis parasite. Climate change is expected to exacerbate the threat of ZCL by 2050, potentially increasing the suitability of habitats for vectors and reservoirs. This study uniquely examines the epidemiologic aspects of ZCL globally, filling a gap in the current literature that predominantly addresses cutaneous leishmaniasis in a broader context. Results: This study provides a detailed insight into the increasing prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. It identifies Iran, where 18 out of 31 provinces are affected, as a critical area, especially the central provinces. Key factors such as Leishmania reservoirs in rodents, emerging reservoirs, and specific vectors contribute significantly to the transmission of the disease and are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions in Iran, the Middle East, and North Africa. The study highlights new hotspots in Iran, such as Beyza district in Fars province and regions in Isfahan and Razavi Khorasan provinces, which indicate the dynamic nature of the spread of ZCL associated with urbanization and climate change. Predictive modeling suggests that an increase in ZCL may soon occur in northwestern Iran due to suitable environmental conditions for the vectors and reservoirs. On the other hand, the identification of new reservoirs was an important result. These included different hedgehog species (Paraechinus aethiopicus, Atelerix algirus, and Hemiechinus auritus) in Algeria, Tunisia, and Iran as well as calomyscid rodents in Shiraz, the capital of the Iranian province of Fars. Interestingly, specific vectors and reservoirs make Tunisia and Algeria high-risk areas in North Africa, emphasizing the need for regional integrated control measures. The results highlight a crucial gap in the research and control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis outside Iran. In the last ten years, the focus has been less on the Middle East and Central Asia, although the disease is widespread in these regions. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the critical need for a combined approach to the control and prevention of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). This study emphasizes the role of climate change and urban expansion in influencing disease dynamics. The identification of new endemic areas and prediction of future hotspots in Iran will provide valuable insights for targeting prevention and control measures. This underlines the importance of regional collaboration and adaptive strategies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries to effectively tackle this neglected tropical disease as part of the One Health approach. As the first comprehensive study on the epidemiology of ZCL, this study fills a significant gap in the literature and provides a foundation for future research and public health interventions to mitigate the global impact of ZCL. This systematic review highlights the complicated and multifaceted nature of the disease, which is influenced by various vectors, reservoir hosts, and environmental factors. This comprehensive review not only deepens our understanding of the epidemiology of ZCL, but also provides crucial insights for health managers and policy makers. This knowledge can help them to identify high-risk areas, implement targeted prevention measures, and develop effective control programs to combat this endemic disease. Keywords: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Iran, MiddleEast, Epidemiology, Reservoir, Vector, Systematic Review

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 4 shows the degree of ZCL risk depending on the reservoir and density of S and their relationship (5) This table from the study by Ahmed Karmaoui et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

jamali,

Bokaie

2024

Preprint

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“…In the Old World, the reservoirs of the disease comprise various rodent species of the subfamily Gerbillinae ( 3 – 7 ), and the main vector of the disease is the Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) ( 8 ). Leishmaniasis is present in the Old World’s three continents of Asia ( 9 – 11 ), Africa ( 12 ) and Europe ( 13 ). The dispersion of sand flies is also affected by several socio-economic factors and environmental factors, including relative humidity, temperature, rainfall and land topography ( 14 , 15 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) against DDT and Deltamethrin in an Endemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran

Azarm,

Vatandoost,

Koosha

et al. 2024

JAD

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Background: Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. The nonstandard use of pesticides against pests, particularly in agriculture, indirectly has caused the development of resistance and, consequently, the threat of control measures in ZCL endemic areas. Up to 2023, several reports of resistance in Ph. papatasi have been declared in the Old World. The purpose of this study was to measure the lethal time (LT50 and LT90) of Ph. papatasi sand flies in the ZCL endemic center of Esfahan to DDT and deltamethrin insecticides. Methods: Sand flies were collected in Borkhar and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against DDT 4% and deltamethrin 0.0002%. The sand fly’s survival was recorded during exposure time in 225, 450|, 900, 1800, and 3600-seconds’ intervals for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Then LT50 and LT90 were analyzed using probit software. Phlebotomus papatasi were identified using morphological keys and other sand flies’ species were excluded from the analysis. Results: The insecticide against female Ph. papatasi revealed hundred percent mortality when exposed to DDT 4% and deltamethrin 0.0002%. The LT50 and LT90 were 19.32 and 22.74 minutes for DDT 4% and 39.92 and 51.33 minutes for deltamethrin 0.0002% respectively. Conclusion: Results of this study revealed that Ph. papatasi is still susceptible to DDT and deltamethrin. This data provides valuable knowledge to implement effective control strategies against ZCL main vector and help to manage insecticide resistance in the region.

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“…Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi and Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti are proven primary vectors of Leishmania parasites, L. tropica, and L. major respectively, causing cutaneous affection in the old world [1,2]. Epidemiological cycles of leishmaniases can be divided into two broad categories: the zoonotic forms of leishmaniases (ZL), where the primary reservoirs are wild or domestic mammals [3], and anthroponotic forms (AL), for which humans are the primary reservoirs; P. (Par.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and global analysis of the seasonal activity of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti, the primary vectors of L. tropica

et al. 2022

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Background Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti is a widespread proven vector of Leishmania pathogens causing anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), due to L. tropica, in the old world. The activity of P. (Par.) sergenti is seasonal and sensitive to general variations in climate. Phenological data sets can thus provide a baseline for continuing investigations on P. (Par.) sergenti population dynamics that may impact future leishmaniasis transmission and control scenarios. Methods/Principal finding A systematic review of the seasonality of P. (Par.) sergenti was undertaken globally. Sixty-eight scientific papers were identified, and data were extracted from 35 ones, with informative data on sand fly seasonal dynamics on trapping performed from 1992 to December 2021 on 63 sites from 12 countries. Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Palestine, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Cyprus, and Georgia. The data extracted from the literature survey were further normalized. Our analysis recorded that the highest P.(Par.) sergenti activity occurs during the hot and dry seasons, primarily in July and August, whatever the location studied. We noticed a relationship between the latitude of sites and sand fly presence (from early April to June) and the type of density trend, varying from a single peak to multiple peaks. On a geographical scale, P. (Par.) sergenti concentrates between 32–37° in latitude in a large interval following the longitude and the highest number of sites with high P. (Par.) sergenti activity is located at the latitude 32°. We also quoted a similar seasonal dynamic and geographic distribution with Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi, a proven vector of L. major that causes cutaneous infection. No apparent risk for ACL occurred from December to March, at least in the years and geographic areas considered in this survey. Altogether, knowing that high P. (Par.) sergenti activity would be linked with an increased risk of leishmaniasis transmission, and our study provides information that can be used for control programs on ACL transmission. Conclusions Despite variations, we found a relatively homogeneous pattern of P. (Par.) sergenti potential behavior in sites whose data are published. A higher risk for L. tropica transmission was identified in the June-October period. Still, such risk was not equally distributed throughout the area since density waves of adults occurred earlier and were more frequent in some territories, like Saudi Arabia.

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Geographic distribution of Meriones shawi,Psammomys obesus, and Phlebotomus papatasi the main reservoirs and principal vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East and North Africa

Cited by 5 publications

References 67 publications

Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) against DDT and Deltamethrin in an Endemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran

A systematic review and global analysis of the seasonal activity of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti, the primary vectors of L. tropica

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