Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants viruses

Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review

“…However, this assay may not always be suitable for diagnosis of every virus strain, variant or isolate, as changes at the 3 0 end of the primer binding sites, as a result of variation between strains in the immunogenic protein coding region, may yield a false-negative result. A two-step RT-PCR has been shown to useful for the rapid detection of virus specific RNA in the samples submitted for laboratory diagnosis [35,57,128]. Further, PCR strategies targeting M and N gene have been developed for detection and differentiation of PPRV in sheep and goats.…”

“…Due to improved understanding of the viral genome and molecular biological techniques, nucleic acid-based specific and sensitive assays were also developed [41,43,105,128].…”

“…The PPRV is genetically grouped into four lineages (I, II, III, and IV) based on the F and N gene sequences analyses [14,39,70,128]. Lineages I-III circulate in Africa, while lineage IV is generally found in Asia [39,128]. However, a recent appearance of lineage IV, which was associated with a large epizootic in Morocco, undermines the probable risk of introduction this lineage to Europe [77] and other parts of the world.…”

“…However, a recent appearance of lineage IV, which was associated with a large epizootic in Morocco, undermines the probable risk of introduction this lineage to Europe [77] and other parts of the world. PPR was first reported in the Ivory Coast, West Africa [56], and later from other parts of the world namely sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Indian subcontinent [128,130]. Spread of disease to a number of new countries in Africa and Asia with involvement of various lineage of PPRV is a cause of global concern especially recent introduction of Asian lineage in some African countries and presence of PPR in Europe through Western Turkey [1,17,77,102].…”

“…It is divided into six transcriptional units encoding two non-structural proteins (V, C) and six structural proteins: the surface glycoproteins which include fusion (F) and Haemagglutinin (H) proteins, the matrix protein (M), the nucleoprotein (N), and the phosphoprotein (P) which forms the polymerase complex in association with large (L) protein [36,42,61,129]. The PPRV is genetically grouped into four lineages (I, II, III, and IV) based on the F and N gene sequences analyses [14,39,70,128]. Lineages I-III circulate in Africa, while lineage IV is generally found in Asia [39,128].…”