Geographic distribution and characteristics of genotype A hepatitis B virus infection in acute and chronic hepatitis B patients in Japan

Ito, Kiyoaki; Yotsuyanagi, Hiroshi; Sugiyama, Masaya; Yatsuhashi, Hiroshi; Karino, Yoshiyasu; Takikawa, Yasuhiro; Saito, Takafumi; Arase, Yasuji; Imazeki, Fumio; Kurosaki, Masayuki; Umemura, Takeji; Ichida, Takafumi; Toyoda, Hidenori; Yoneda, Masashi; Tanaka, Yasuhito; Mita, Eiji; Yamamoto, Kazuhide; Michitaka, Kojiro; Maeshiro, Tatsuji; Tanuma, Junko; Korenaga, Masaaki; Murata, Kazumoto; Masaki, Naohiko; Koike, Kazuhiko; Mizokami, Masashi

doi:10.1111/jgh.13030

Cited by 39 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…speculated in their review that HBV subgenotypes A2 and C are likely to predominate in populations at high risk of infection via sexual transmission 57. Additionally, HBV genotype A develops into a persistent infection more often than genotype C 5859.…”

Section: Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus and its sexually transmitted infection – an update

Inoue

Tanaka

2016

MIC

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Epidemiology: incidence and prevalence: About 5% of the world’s population has chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and nearly 25% of carriers develop chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is 5%-15%; HIV/HBV coinfected individuals have a higher level of HBV replication, with higher rates of chronicity, reactivation, occult infection, and HCC than individuals with HBV only. The prevalence of HBV genotype A is significantly higher among men who have sex with men (MSM), compared with the rest of the population. Molecular mechanisms of infection, pathology, and symptomatology: HBV replication begins with entry into the hepatocyte. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide was identified in 2012 as the entry receptor of HBV. Although chronic hepatitis B develops slowly, HIV/HBV coinfected individuals show more rapid progression to cirrhosis and HCC. Transmission and protection: The most common sources of HBV infection are body fluids. Hepatitis B (HB) vaccination is recommended for all children and adolescents, and all unvaccinated adults at risk for HBV infection (sexually active individuals such as MSM, individuals with occupational risk, and immunosuppressed individuals). Although HB vaccination can prevent clinical infections (hepatitis), it cannot prevent 100% of subclinical infections. Treatment and curability: The goal of treatment is reducing the risk of complications (cirrhosis and HCC). Pegylated interferon alfa and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are the current treatments for chronic HBV infection. NAs have improved the outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and HCC, and decreased the incidence of acute liver failure.

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Section: Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus and its sexually transmitted infection – an update

Inoue

Tanaka

2016

MIC

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“…In Japan, an estimated 1.1‐1.4 million individuals (about 1% of the country's population) are infected with HBV; most of these infections were caused by mother‐to‐child transmission before the start of a nationwide HB immunization program initiated by the Japanese government in 1986. About 80% of the HBV‐infected patients in mainland Japan were HBV genotype C . Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several susceptibility loci with the risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in Asian and Arabian populations, including HLA class II, EHMT2 , TCF19, FDX1 , HLA‐C , UBE2L3 , and VARS2‐SFTA2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Key HLA‐DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes and role of the BTNL2 gene for response to a hepatitis B vaccine

et al. 2018

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Approximately 5‐10% of individuals who are vaccinated with a hepatitis B (HB) vaccine designed based on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C fail to acquire protective levels of antibodies. Here, host genetic factors behind low immune response to this HB vaccine were investigated by a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) association tests. The GWAS and HLA association tests were carried out using a total of 1,193 Japanese individuals including 107 low responders, 351 intermediate responders, and 735 high responders. Classical HLA class II alleles were statistically imputed using the genome‐wide SNP typing data. The GWAS identified independent associations of HLA‐DRB1‐DQB1, HLA‐DPB1 and BTNL2 genes with immune response to a HB vaccine designed based on the HBV genotype C. Five HLA‐DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes and two DPB1 alleles showed significant associations with response to the HB vaccine in a comparison of three groups of 1,193 HB vaccinated individuals. When frequencies of DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes and DPB1 alleles were compared between low immune responders and HBV patients, significant associations were identified for three DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes, and no association was identified for any of the DPB1 alleles. In contrast, no association was identified for DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes and DPB1 alleles in a comparison between high immune responders and healthy individuals. Conclusion: The findings in this study clearly show the importance of HLA‐DR‐DQ (i.e., recognition of a vaccine related HB surface antigen (HBsAg) by specific DR‐DQ haplotypes) and BTNL2 molecules (i.e., high immune response to HB vaccine) for response to a HB vaccine designed based on the HBV genotype C. (Hepatology 2018).

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“…Ito et al also found that prevalence of genotype A in chronic hepatitis B accounts for 4.1% and that genotype A spreads among young adult Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B . This prevalence was significantly higher than that of a prior nationwide study conducted between 2000 and 2001, in which Orito et al reported a 1.7% prevalence of genotype A in chronically infected patients .…”

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confidence: 89%