Geographic and socioeconomic disparity in cardiovascular risk factors in Indonesia: analysis of the Basic Health Research 2018

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) accounted for over 17 million deaths and 353 million disabilityadjusted life years lost in 2016. The risk factors are also high and increasing with high blood pressure, smoking, and high body mass index contributed to up to 212 million disability-adjusted life years in 2016. To help reduce the burden, it is crucial to understand the geographic and socioeconomic disparities in CVD risk factors. Methods: Employing both geospatial and quantitative analyses, we analyzed the disparities in the prevalence of smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in Indonesia. CVD data was from Riskesdas 2018, and socioeconomic data was from the World Bank. Results: Our findings show a very high prevalence of CVD risk factors with the prevalence of smoking, physical activity, obesity, hypertension ranged from 28 to 33%. Results also show the geographic disparity in CVD risk factors in all five Indonesian regions. Moreover, results show socioeconomic disparity with the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are higher among urban and the richest and most educated districts while that physical inactivity and smoking is higher among rural and the least educated districts. Conclusion: The CVD burden is high and increasing in particularly among urban areas and districts with higher income and education levels. While the government needs to continue tackling the persistent burden from maternal mortality and infectious diseases, they need to put more effort into the prevention and control of CVDs and their risk factors.

High visibility of outdoor tobacco advertisements around health facilities in East Java, Indonesia: a geospatial analysis

“…Also, the prevalence of adults with diabetes mellitus (reported diagnosis by a doctor) was 4.4% in Surabaya compared with the national average of 1.8%. 11,12 These data prove that Surabaya and other districts/ cities without advertisement ban policies should have laws to limit the presence of tobacco advertisements. Otherwise, adult and children who will access these health facilities will be exposed to outdoor tobacco advertisements.…”

Indonesian registry on atrial fibrillation (OneAF)

“…One of the most important clinical outcomes of AF is stroke, and unlike the other countries, stroke is the number 1 cause of mortality in Indonesia. [ 18 ] Thus, data from this registry may potentially be helpful to reduce stroke-related mortality in Indonesia.…”

Lessons From Primary Health Care in the United Kingdom

“…Fourth, PHC provides services and support in managing chronic conditions. A study in Indonesia found that many cities and districts in Indonesia have a very high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes among the adult populations (Adisasmito et al, 2020). However, support to help manage these conditions is lacking at the PHC level (Kusuma et al 2019).…”