Geographic and genetic boundaries of brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in the Caucasus

Abstract

The taxonomic status of brown bears in the Caucasus remains unclear. Several morphs or subspecies have been identified from the morphological (craniological) data, but the status of each of these subspecies has never been verified by molecular genetic methods. We analysed mitochondrial DNA sequences (control region) to reveal phylogenetic relationships and infer divergence time between brown bear subpopulations in the Caucasus. We estimated migration and gene flow from both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite allele frequencies, and identified possible barriers to gene flow among the subpopulations. Our suggestion is that all Caucasian bears belong to the nominal subspecies of Ursus arctos. Our results revealed two genetically and geographically distinct maternal haplogroups: one from the Lesser Caucasus and the other one from the Greater Caucasus. The genetic divergence between these haplogroups dates as far back as the beginning of human colonization of the Caucasus. Our analysis of the least-cost distances between the subpopulations suggests humans as a major barrier to gene flow. The low genetic differentiation inferred from microsatellite allele frequencies indicates that gene flow between the two populations in the Caucasus is maintained through the movements of male brown bears. The Likhi Ridge that connects the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountains is the most likely corridor for this migration.

Large‐scale migrations of brown bears in Eurasia and to North America during the Late Pleistocene

“…The eastern clade present in Europe (3a) divides further into subclades 3a1 and 3a2 (Hirata et al., ). Subclade 3a1 extends from Fennoscandia to East Asia, and into North America (Keis et al., ; Korsten et al., ; Murtskhvaladze, Gavashelishvili, & Tarkhnishvili, ; Saarma & Kojola, ; Waits, Talbot, Ward, & Shields, ). Other clades in Asia appear geographically rather confined: clade 3a2 to central Hokkaido, 3b to eastern Hokkaido, the Russian Far East and southern Siberia (Tomsk region), clade 4 to southern Hokkaido, and clade 5 to Tibet (Guskov, Sheremeteva, Seredkin, & Kryukov, ; Hirata et al., ; Salomashkina, Kholodova, Tutenkov, Moskvitina, & Erokhin, ).…”

Lack of genetic isolation by distance, similar genetic structuring but different demographic histories in a fig‐pollinating wasp mutualism

“…; Murtskhvaladze et al . ; Yan et al . ; Yu & Nason ), comparative genetic studies of interacting species have primarily focused on macroevolutionary patterns of co‐speciation ( e.g .…”

Complete mitochondrial genomes and a novel spatial genetic method reveal cryptic phylogeographical structure and migration patterns among brown bears in north‐western Eurasia

“…This has usually comprised the 5′ section of the control region (e.g. Miller et al ., ; Saarma & Kojola, ; Ho et al ., ; Jackson et al ., ; Zachos et al ., ; Murtskhvaladze et al ., ), and/or short coding sequences (most often the cytochrome b gene, e.g. Randi et al ., ; Talbot & Shields, ; Korsten et al ., ; summarized in Davison et al ., ).…”