Geoenvironmental assessment of the formation and expansion of earth fissures as geological hazards along the route of the Haram-to-Haram Highway, Iran

Nikbakhti, O.; Hashemi, Morteza; Banikheir, M.; Basmenj, Amir Khabbazi

doi:10.1007/s10064-017-1019-2

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…All the ground fissures were developed in a highly porous and permeable environment of unconsolidated volcaniclastic deposits with a very low clay content. For these reasons we think that aquifersystem compaction and horizontal seepage stresses responsible for changes in the volume of material (e.g., Carpenter, 1993;Nikbakhti et al, 2017) do not have a significant effect on ground-fissure formation in the MER. Also, no significant amounts of salt, organic matter or traces of them were identified either, therefore their decay or dissolution (e.g., Ayalew et al, 2004) also cannot produce the ground fissures.…”

Section: Factors Controlling Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the new data and field observations from the MER, the main factors that can influence ground fissure formation are discussed (e.g., Sheng & Helm, 1998;Asfaw, 1998;Ayalew et al, 2004;Peng et al, 2018;Nikbakhti et al, 2017;Richards & Reddy, 2012;Bernatek-Jakiel & Poesen, 2018). All the ground fissures under study were formed suddenly by collapse, no hairline stages that slowly opened nor vertical displacements were observed or reported by local communities.…”

Section: Factors Controlling Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several processes reported worldwide which can lead to the formation of ground fissures in soils and unconsolidated sediments. Ground-fissures are commonly attributed to: (a) shallow sub-surface erosion such as 'piping' also called 'tunnel erosion or tunnelling erosion' (e.g., Richards & Reddy, 2012;Bernatek-Jakiel & Poesen, 2018, and references cited therein), (b) hydrocompaction and related changes in the volume of material (e.g., Carpenter, 1993;Schumann & Poland, 1970) or (c) deeper processes like aquifer-system compaction and horizontal seepage stresses commonly connected to a decline in the groundwater table (e.g., Ayalew et al, 2004;Carpenter, 1993;Nikbakhti et al, 2017) which could also be coupled with stretching in a basal fault system (Type D fissures described by Zang et al [2019]). Furthermore, the ground fissures could open (d) due to earthquakes (Asfaw, 1982) and displacement along the faults (Sheng & Helm, 1998;Asfaw, 1998;Peng et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic, lithological and piping controls

Valenta

Verner

Martínek

et al. 2021

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Ground fissures, especially if they open due to a sudden collapse of the surface, is a serious risk for populated areas. Their common occurrence in unconsolidated sediments of the Main Ethiopian Rift was found to be mostly a result of piping.The fissures start by piping in linear sub-horizontal underground voids, which often propagate upwards resulting in ceiling collapse and formation of deep and long ground fissures with vertical walls. In the southern and central Main Ethiopian Rift the fissures pose a serious risk to infrastructure and settlements. The ground fissures are often linear (up to several kilometres long and often tens of metres deep) and accompanied by sinkholes (along the length). A detailed field mapping of the geological (rock composition, orientation and character of lithological boundaries, primary fabrics and brittle structures) and geomorphological features (especially a length, width and depth of fissures, sinkholes and gullies) followed by in situ seismic anisotropy measurements and a laboratory determination of the geomechanical properties of volcanoclastic deposits was carried out to investigate the ground fissures' origin. The conditions and factors leading to the formation of the ground fissures have been linked to: (a) the presence of regional normal faults and the associated extensional joints and (b) the alternation of lithological units with contrasting hydraulic permeability. The latter corresponds to a sequence of less permeable hard rocks (e.g., rhyolitic ignimbrites) overlain by heterogeneous, soft and permeable, unconsolidated volcaniclastic deposits with a low amount of clay (less than 10%). The ground fissures' occurrence has shown affiliation to areas which have a significantly high seismic anisotropy (more than 20% at the study sites), which can be used as a proxy to map out high risk areas prone to piping and ground fissure formation.

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Section: Factors Controlling Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Controlling Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic, lithological and piping controls

Valenta

Verner

Martínek

et al. 2021

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Earth fissures are a long-standing global issue, especially between the 1940s and 1950s 5 . In recent decades, earth fissures have affected several nations, including the US 6 – 10 , Mexico 11 , 12 , China 13 – 16 , India 17 , Iran 18 , 19 , Saudi Arabia 20 , Pakistan 21 , Ethiopia 22 , 23 , and Japan 24 . The earth fissures occur in many areas in Yemen, for example, Dhamar city (Jahran Basin and Duran-Anis), Sana'a city (Sana’a Airport and Khawlan), Ma'arib city (Sarwah), Sadaah city (banyhashish), and Abyan city, and it is responsible for many environmental problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimate earth fissure hazard based on machine learning in the Qa’ Jahran Basin, Yemen

Al-Masnay

Al‐Areeq

Ullah

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Earth fissures are potential hazards that often cause severe damage and affect infrastructure, the environment, and socio-economic development. Owing to the complexity of the causes of earth fissures, the prediction of earth fissures remains a challenging task. In this study, we assess earth fissure hazard susceptibility mapping through four advanced machine learning algorithms, namely random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), Naïve Bayes (NB), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN). Using Qa’ Jahran Basin in Yemen as a case study area, 152 fissure locations were recorded via a field survey for the creation of an earth fissure inventory and 11 earth fissure conditioning factors, comprising of topographical, hydrological, geological, and environmental factors, were obtained from various data sources. The outputs of the models were compared and analyzed using statistical indices such as the confusion matrix, overall accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve. The obtained results revealed that the RF algorithm, with an overall accuracy of 95.65% and AUROC, 0.99 showed excellent performance for generating hazard maps, followed by XGBoost, with an overall accuracy of 92.39% and AUROC of 0.98, the NB model, with overall accuracy, 88.43% and AUROC, 0.96, and KNN model with general accuracy, 80.43% and AUROC, 0.88), respectively. Such findings can assist land management planners, local authorities, and decision-makers in managing the present and future earth fissures to protect society and the ecosystem and implement suitable protection measures.

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“…Land subsidence is one of the main drawbacks of aquifer system overexploitation in the presence of compressible alluvial deposits (Galloway & Burbey, 2011; Gambolati & Teatini, 2015), sometimes accompanied by the development of aseismic ground ruptures. Initially noticed during the 1950s in south‐west United States (Conway, 2016; Feth, 1951; Holzer & Pampeyan, 1981), ground ruptures are presently threatening several countries, such as Mexico (Carreón‐Freyre et al., 2016; Pacheco‐Martínez et al., 2013), China (Qiao et al., 2018; Ye et al., 2018), Iran (Haghshenas Haghighi & Motagh, 2019; Nikbakhti et al., 2018), and Pakistan (Kakar et al., 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Ground Rupture Due to Groundwater Overpumping by a Large Lab Experiment and Advanced Numerical Modeling

Nardean

Ferronato

Zhang

et al. 2021

Water Resources Research

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Pumping groundwater from deep aquifers is a common practice to supply water for human consumption, agricultural, and industrial uses. Land subsidence is one of the main drawbacks of aquifer system overexploitation in the presence of compressible alluvial deposits (Galloway & Burbey, 2011; Gambolati & Teatini, 2015), sometimes accompanied by the development of aseismic ground ruptures. Initially noticed during the 1950s in southwest United States (

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Geoenvironmental assessment of the formation and expansion of earth fissures as geological hazards along the route of the Haram-to-Haram Highway, Iran

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic, lithological and piping controls

Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic, lithological and piping controls

Estimate earth fissure hazard based on machine learning in the Qa’ Jahran Basin, Yemen

Understanding Ground Rupture Due to Groundwater Overpumping by a Large Lab Experiment and Advanced Numerical Modeling

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