Geochemistry and provenance of sediments from the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence for a 3.0-Ga-old continental craton

Wronkiewicz, David J.; Condie, Kent C.

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90236-6

Cited by 261 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The relative exposure area of igneous rocks at Earth's surface has ostensibly varied very little throughout the entire Phanerozoic 104 (the last ~500 million years of Earth's history), despite a cycle of supercontinent assembly and break-up during the late Paleozoic. In addition, recent data place the onset of significant crustal growth, recycling, emergence and surface weathering very early in Earth's history [131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138] . This is perhaps not surprising -the record of sedimentary rocks on Earth extends to ~3.8 billion years ago and is continuous from this point onward, suggesting qualitatively that a surface sedimentary rock cycle existed during Earth's earliest history.…”

Section: The Balance Between Igneous and Sedimentary Sulphur Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies

Reinhard

Planavsky

Lyons

2013

Nature

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Sulphur Isotope Database:An extensive sulphur isotope database was used in the construction of Main Text Figure 1. These data were compiled from primary references 1-37 , although in some cases age constraints for certain units were obtained from other sources [38][39][40][41] or estimated. For Main Text Figure 1b, we calculated the cumulative average ∆ 33 S value for all samples up to each year of publication. The average values reported here thus include some contribution from sulphate minerals. However, the overwhelming majority of the data are sulphide mineral phases, and given that most sulphate data are characterized by negative ∆ 33 S values their inclusion will largely attenuate the pattern emphasized here, rendering our argument conservative. Furthermore, the overall effect of their inclusion is quite small (Fig. S1a,b). We also examined the effect of filtering data from analyses made via secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and analyses of macroscopic pyrite textures, which are not likely to be representative of bulk weathering crust, but again note that the basic pattern remains unchanged (Fig. S1a,b).The mean ∆ 33 S values shown in Fig. 1 are presented as unweighted averages. We consider this approach qualitatively justified, in that the database is composed largely of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that are relatively organic carbon and sulphur rich. Such rocks will not only be, on average, the most sulphur-enriched phases of the crust, but they will also likely hold the majority of the weathering sulphur reservoir at Earth's surface. Nonetheless, it is important to consider the possibility that there is a bias related to systematic relationships between the sulphur content of sedimentary rocks and their ∆ 33 S value. For this purpose, we compiled the available sulphur concentration data for the units within the isotope database and performed concentration-weighted statistical analyses.There does not appear to be any systematic relationship between rare sulphur isotope composition and sulphur content within the database (Fig. S2a). In addition, the cumulative unweighted average is nearly indistinguishable from the concentration-weighted average within this subset of the database (Fig. S2a,b). When the evolution of the overall ∆ 33 S value of the database is concentration-weighted, it shows a generally similar pattern through time to that of the overall mean values (Fig. S2b). Indeed, the mean ∆ 33 S value when weighted by concentration is more positive than the unweighted mean for a given population from the database. We stress the caveat that many of the published rare sulphur isotope datasets do not contain sulphur concentration data, so unfortunately this analysis cannot be performed on the entire database. However, the coupled isotope and concentration data represent well over 500 samples that range in sulphur content over three orders of magnitude. These considerations lead us to conclude that the pattern expressed in the overall mean ∆ 33 S values through time is robust and is ...

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Section: The Balance Between Igneous and Sedimentary Sulphur Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies

Reinhard

Planavsky

Lyons

2013

Nature

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“…In this study, the Eu/Eu*, La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, and Cr/Th values of the Permian Malužiná Formation sandstones are more similar to values for sediments derived from felsic source rocks than to those for mafic source rocks (Table 2), suggesting prevalent derivation from felsic source rocks. The higher LREE/HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies (0.64-0.97) of the Malužiná Formation sandstones also bear the characteristics of felsic source rocks (after Taylor & McLennan 1985;Wronkiewicz & Condie 1989).…”

Section: Source-rock Compositions and Provenancementioning

confidence: 97%

Geochemistry of the Permian sandstones from the Malužiná Formation in the Malé Karpaty Mts (Hronic Unit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia): implications for source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting

Vďačný¹,

Vozárová²,

Vozár³

2013

Geologica Carpathica

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“…Therefore, the ratios of the elements serve as useful indicators of sediment source rocks (e.g. the works of Cullers et al [36], Wronkiewicz and Condie [37], Condie and Wronkiewicz [38] and Cullers [39]). The usefulness of REEs, Sc and Th in inferring sedimentary rocks provenance is highly favoured by the minimal effect of fractionation of heavy minerals and processes of diagenesis and metamorphism, as compared with trace elements such as Zr, Hf and Sn [2,37,40].…”

Section: Provenancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sediment samples have high LREE contents and have flat HREE patterns ( Figure 8). Previous workers have used the REE pattern, coupled with the size of the Eu anomalies, to deduce whether sediments have felsic or mafic igneous rock sources [13,16,26,37,39,50]. Previous workers have documented that mafic rocks are generally characterised by low LREE/HREE ratios and absence or insignificant negative Eu anomalies.…”

Section: Provenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Fluvial Sediments from Geregu, Southwest Nigeria

Adiotomre

Ejeh

Adaikpoh

2017

Materials and Geoenvironment

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Geochemical analysis of fluvial sediments on the banks of River Ero using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry illustrates their maturity, provenance and tectonic setting. The analysed sediment samples show low SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratios of 2.92-2.99 (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and high SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratios of 4. FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Sediments were geochemically classified as shales (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and greywackes (units FL_C, FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Ključne besede: rečni sedimenti, Eu anomalija, SW Nigerija, izvor, tektonska uvrstitev

show abstract

Geochemistry and provenance of sediments from the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence for a 3.0-Ga-old continental craton

Cited by 261 publications

References 41 publications

Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies

Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies

Geochemistry of the Permian sandstones from the Malužiná Formation in the Malé Karpaty Mts (Hronic Unit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia): implications for source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting

Geochemistry of Fluvial Sediments from Geregu, Southwest Nigeria

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