Geochemistry and geochronology of Permian plutonic rocks at the north‐western margin of Gondwana

Abstract

The occurrence of Permian magmatic rocks in the Colombian Andes is restricted to a few localities. Previous works have focused mainly on explaining its tectonic setting, whereas petrogenesis has received less attention. This study closes this gap by reporting whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, trace elements and Hf isotopes from massive and mylonitic granitoids along central Colombia to constrain their age, source and petrogenesis. Our results show that the granitoids have a calc‐alkaline character, are rich in light‐rare elements (LREEs) and large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs), present negative Nb and Ti anomalies, crystallized between ca. 276–265 Ma and show variable εHf(i) values ranging from −1.5 to +1.7. Combining our results with published geochemical, geochronological and isotopic data from this region, we suggest that the Middle Permian granitoids from the Tolima region were formed in a continental magmatic arc installed at the western margin of Gondwana, where partial melting of the mantle wedge and further crustal assimilation of the magmas with an old radiogenic and heterogeneous crust were essential processes for the modification of the source of the magmas that generated the granitoids. The Middle Permian may have reached the peak magmatic conditions (ca. 280–270 Ma), according to the recurrence of ages in this time interval. This period of magmatic activity may have been interrupted by the Triassic extensional period related to the beginning of the Pangea breakup.

Holocene relative sea-level changes along the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of northwestern South America

“…Here, we focus on the features influencing crustal motions controlling postglacial RSL changes. For in-depth accounts of the geology and tectonics of NW South America, we suggest seminal works by Nygren (1950), Duque-Caro (1990a, 1990b), Vernette et al (1992), Kellogg and Vega (1995), Colmenares and Zoback (2003), and IGAC and INGEOMINAS (2006), as well as more recent accounts by Cediel and Shaw (2019), Montes et al (2019), Bustamante et al (2016, 2024), Restrepo et al (2021, 2023), and references therein.

Figure 1.( A ) Study location geology and tectonics in South America and ( B ) general geology and tectonics of northern South America (black box in A ), including plate boundaries, faults, fault systems (letters), and primary tectonic affinities (colors).

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“…Here, we focus on the features influencing crustal motions controlling postglacial RSL changes. For in-depth accounts of the geology and tectonics of NW South America, we suggest seminal works by Nygren (1950), Duque-Caro (1990a, 1990b, Vernette et al (1992), Kellogg and Vega (1995), Colmenares andZoback (2003), andIGAC andINGEOMINAS (2006), as well as more recent accounts by Cediel and Shaw (2019), Montes et al (2019), Bustamante et al (2016Bustamante et al ( , 2024, Restrepo et al ( , 2023, and references therein.…”

Is the Central Cordillera of Colombia a potential source of graphite?: Implications for the energy transition in Colombia

“…The Eastern Cordillera contains a Precambrian basement overlain by metasedimentary rocks of oceanic affinity deposited in the Early Paleozoic. The Central Cordillera is constituted by a crystalline basement including high-grade Proterozoic metamorphic rocks to the north (Cuadros et al, 2014), and a ~N-S distribution of plutonic rocks with zircon U-Pb crystallization ages ranging from the Paleozoic (Leal-Mejía et al, 2019;Rodríguez-García et al, 2019;Restrepo et al, 2023) to the Cenozoic, forming different continental magmatic arcs (Bustamante et al, 2016(Bustamante et al, , 2017bLeal-Mejía et al, 2019;Rodríguez-García et al, 2019) (Fig. 1).…”