Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze und kosmische H�ufigkeit der Elemente

Goldschmidt, V. M.

doi:10.1007/bf01492200

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Since plutons probably occur in places where the crust has been melted in some degree to great depth, it seems natural to suppose that this chemical regularity is achieved by chemical equilibrium with an ascending fluid phase, i.e., a partial melt. (The view that upward concentration of heat-producing elements is achieved by partial melting has been widely held since the work of Goldschmidt [1930].) Imagine a crust in which the temperature is increasing, perhaps because of conduction in a thick sedimentary blanket and radioactive heating by buried sources, by tectonic thickening, or by the transient injection of heat and/or material from the mantle.…”

Section: A_ Simple Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a partial melt forms deep in the crust, it can be expected to rise gravitationally by penetrative convection. The melt is expected to be relatively rich in the heat-producing elements and volattics [Goldschmidt, 1930;Tuttle a•d Bowen, 1958] and as it rises, the volattics would facilitate melting of the material above [Mehnert, 1968, p. 242], and presumably heat-producing elements would be exchanged between the melt and the solid. As melting increases owing to progressively increasing temperature and to convective heat and volattics brought up from below, a substantial mass will be moving upward, and refractory portions will be moving downward by penetrative sinking until the mass that we ultimately identify as a pluton is emplaced near the surface.…”

Section: A_ Simple Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Lachenbruch¹

1970

J. Geophys. Res.

516

204

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The surprising linear relation between surface heat flow and heat production in plutons is easily explained in terms of an exponential decrease of heat production with depth in the crust. If the linear relation is assumed to be true in a mathematical sense, it can be shown that this is the only possible explanation, provided that three other assumptions that seem geologically reasonable are made. The decrement D of the exponential function is determined empirically from surface observations since theory requires that it be equal to the slope parameter of the linear relation. Recently published heat‐flow results indicate that D varies little from one province to another, and this suggests a model in which D is a general geochemical property of the crust beneath plutons. The outer layer of variable heat production, suggested by the linear relation, is identified with a zone of partial melting in which the heat‐producing elements were redistributed exponentially during the plutonic process. The analysis suggests that this zone typically includes a substantial portion of the crust, and that the upward concentration of crustal heat production and heat flow from much of the continental mantle are both somewhat greater than has generally been supposed. The model leads to simple estimates of crustal temperatures beneath plutons.

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Section: A_ Simple Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A_ Simple Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Lachenbruch¹

1970

J. Geophys. Res.

516

204

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“…43 Furthermore, these random fields originate from the difference of ionic radius in complex perovskites. 43 Accordingly, influences of the modified Fe or Al on status of the relaxor (more precisely local polar order or short-range ordered ferroelectricity) are indirectly estimated by the theoretically calculated tolerance factor (t) 44 and the experimentally evaluated lattice parameters in Figure 8B,C. The t factor for BNT-24ST ceramics was around 0.9842, which was steadily increased by modification of BA, whereas the modified BF was decreased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clarification on phase transition behaviors by local strain engineering in Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃–SrTiO₃‐based ternary ceramics

et al. 2023

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The stabilization of ergodicity plays an important role in realizing large strain in a Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 TiO 3 (BNT)-based relaxor, which is strongly related to the degree of random fields with respect to the randomly distributed different cations. To clarify the effects of different ionic radii, this study investigated and compared the microstructures, crystal structures, phase transition behaviors, and electrical properties of BNT-ST-based ternary ceramics by modifying BiMeO 3 (where Me = Al and Fe). It was observed that the stabilized relaxor states are different between BiFeO 3 -/and BiAlO 3 -modified BNT-ST ternary ceramics. As a result, it is suggested that phase transition (more precisely, the stabilization of ergodicity) can be influenced by the different internal strain in BNT-ST-based ternary ceramics.

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“…Within the frame of this short review, however, only a few general points can be mentioned. Goldschmidt (1926aGoldschmidt ( , 1930Goldschmidt ( , 1933b, when constructing a geochemical picture of the world ("Weltbild"), distinguished four stages of geochemical differentiation in the earth. The first stage includes all processes responsible for the differentiation of matter to form the geochemical spheres of which the earth is believed to be composed (see the section on the Geochemical structure of the earth).…”

Section: Geochemical Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical foundations of chemical geology and geochemistry

Manten¹

1966

Chemical Geology

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SUMMARYRoughly, the name chemical geology has been used for as long as chemistry has been applied in geology; the name geochemistry was introduced by Schbnbein, in 1838. Whereas initially the names were often regarded as synonymous, in our century there is a tendency to make a distinction between the two on the basis of the way in which the subject is approached.In the previous century most of the work dealt with mineral and rock analysis and the occurrence of geochemical cycles. Other fields of study, such as isotope "geology", physico-chemical petrology and crystal chemistry reached maturity early in the twentieth century. Somewhat later sedimentary geochemistry began to expand. The rise of geochemical prospection took place mainly in the nineteen thirties. In the meantime, a considerable progress was also achieved in the field of analytical geochemistry, particularly through the development of various new techniques.

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Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze und kosmische H�ufigkeit der Elemente

Cited by 54 publications

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Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Clarification on phase transition behaviors by local strain engineering in Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃–SrTiO₃‐based ternary ceramics

Historical foundations of chemical geology and geochemistry

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Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze und kosmische H�ufigkeit der Elemente

Cited by 54 publications

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Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation

Clarification on phase transition behaviors by local strain engineering in Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–SrTiO3‐based ternary ceramics

Historical foundations of chemical geology and geochemistry

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Clarification on phase transition behaviors by local strain engineering in Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃–SrTiO₃‐based ternary ceramics