Geochemical Monitoring of Cold Waters during Seismicity: Implications for Earthquake-induced Modification in Shallow Aquifers

Abstract

The geochemical monitoring carried out on fluids released in the Central Apennines (Umbria region) evidenced seismically-induced modifications of the physic-chemical parameters in all the released fluids, including some cold waters circulating in certain carbonate rocks that are exploited for drinking purposes. The results allowed us to recognize the presence of components of diverse origin that changed the chemical composition of the water. These components, potentially dangerous for human consumption, can be considered as being "secondary effects" on local aquifers, induced by crustal deformation.We would also stress the relationship between the circulating fluids and active tectonic structures, as we detected modifications in some springs that were apparently not located anywhere near the local faults. The temporal variations in the geochemical features of the investigated cold waters are related to the local faulting activity that occurs during seismogenesis. The geochemical monitoring that provided information on fault movements during the seismic crisis, is also able to give us information regarding faulting activity in its earlier stages.

Variations in the Cl, SO4, δD and δ18O in Water from Thermal Springs near Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, Related to Seismic Activity

“…In the Paso Real case Cl-enriched waters could be from a deeper part of the same aquifer. Our data confirm the earlier suggestions (Barsukov et al 1985;Igarashi and Wakita 1990;Toutain et al 1997;Italiano et al 2005;Song et al 2005) that the mechanism of the coseismic chemical (and isotopic) anomalies in most of the cases is related to a mixing of waters from adjacent aquifers with different water composition. The steady-state fluxes of water during a "quiet" period can be perturbed due to an earthquake by sudden changes in the pore and fracture pressure after releasing of elastic energy.…”

Hydrochemical Changes in Spring Waters in Taiwan: Implications for Evaluating Sites for Earthquake Precursory Monitoring

“…In the past, substantive evidence in support of many diverse kinds of precursors, including hydrological and chemical changes in subsurface fluids prior to or at the same time as a large earthquake, has been found. Among these are valuable, insightful precursory changes in gases involved in both hydrothermal processes, like Rn, He, CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , Ar and N 2 , and in water chemistry, like Cl − , F − , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− (Hauksson 1981;King 1986;Tsunogai andWakita 1995, 1996;Sugisaki et al 1996;Toutain et al 1997;Chyi et al 2005;Italiano et al 2005;Ramirez-Guzman et al 2005;Walia et al 2005;. Such geochemical anomalies are generally associated with changes in a subsurface water circulating system in the process of earthquake generation (Thomas 1988;Rojstaczer and Wolf 1992;Muir-Wood and King 1993;Rojstaczer et al 1995;Sugisaki et al 1996).…”

Toprak İçi Radon ve Karbondioksit Gaz Konsantrasyonlarının Değişiminin Depremler ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi: Karabayır (Eskişehir) Örneği

“…Konveksiyon ise viskozite, geçirimlilik ve gözeneklilik gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak gelişir (İçhedef 2011;Saç 2017). Toprak içi deprem öncesi veya deprem sonrasında radon ve CO2 gaz çıkışlarının arttığı ya da azaldığını belirten (Teng et al 1986;Heinicke and Koch 2000;Yang et al 2003;Italiano et al 2005;Saç ve Camgöz, 2005;Zmazek et al 2005;Hartman and Levy 2006;Yüce et al 2007;Ramola et al 2008;Fu et al 2009;Kulalı 2009;Ramola 2009;Italiano et al 2009;Yasin 2012;Woith 2015;Jilani et al 2017;Deb et al 2018) ve radon ve CO2 gibi gaz çıkışları ile fayların belirlenmesi amaçlı (Kuşçu et al 1992;Guerra and Lombardi 2001;Ioannides 2003;Fu et al 2005;Ciotoli et al 2007;Lan et al 2007;Kop 2010;Walia et al 2010;Gülbay 2015;Yüce et al 2017, Yıldız et al 2018) çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Radonun kısa yarılanma ömrüne (3.85 gün) sahip olması nedeni ile uzun mesafelere taşıyıcı gazlar (CO2, CH4 veya N2) ile taşınabilmektedir (Durrance and Gregory 1990;Ciotoli et al 1999;Yüce et al 2015).…”