of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok
X-ray DiffractionWe obtained X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented specimens using a DRON-1,5 X-ray diffractometer with CUKQ, emission and a Ni-filter. Slit openings of 0.5, 1,1, and 0.5 mm were used.Each sample was dried in the air, treated with ethylene glycol, and heated at 500 to 550°C for 1 to 2 hours. Clay fractions were treated with 10 per cent HC1 at 90 to 100°C for 1 hour for identification of kaolinite and dioctahedral and trioctahedral minerals. Expanding vermiculite was determined by Mg-ethylene glycol tests. Some samples were K-saturated to test the nature of expanding minerals after Weaver's method (Weaver, 1958). The ratio of 17-Å reflection shoulders (i.e., the Z-coefficient) was calculated.
Electron Diffraction Analysis and Electron MicroscopyWe obtained electron diffraction patterns using an electronograph EG-100M with accelerating voltage 100 kv. These patterns were used for determining illite polytypes, the degree of structural ordering of montmorillonite, and the ^-parameter (accuracy ± 0.01 Å). Electron microdiffraction made it possible to recognize acicular crystals and amorphous phases.