Geochemical Atlas of Finland: preliminary aspects

Koljonen, T.; Gustavsson, N.; Noras, Pentti; Tanskanen, Heikki

doi:10.1016/0375-6742(89)90059-9

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Till samples for this study were taken from the surface layers of a till bed (1-3 m) as were the samples for the Geochemical Atlas of Finland (Koljonen et al 1989), and not from deeper layers near the bedrock. The mineralogical and chemical relations of till to bedrock geochemistry were studied with samples of representative rock types and composite samples of weathered bedrock from the anomalous and non-anomalous zones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between mineralogy and the physico-chemical properties of till in central Finland

Räisänen¹,

Tenhola²,

Mäkinen³

1992

Bull Geol Soc Finland

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: Relationship between mineralogy and the physico-chemical properties of till in central Finland. Bull. Geo!. Soc. Finland 64, Part 1,.The chemical and physical characteristics of the fine fraction of till were examined in the area of the Raahe-Ladoga metallogenic belt in central Finland. Till, weathered bedrock and rock samples were collected from the area, where element concentrations of till abruptly ranged from high in an anomalous zone (NE) to low in a non-anomalous zone (SW). The grain size distribution, specific surface area and unit weight, and the leachability of elements measured with several chemical methods were determined from the fine fraction (<0.06 mm) of till. The mineralogical composition of the fine fraction of till and weathered bedrock was established with the X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and the chemical composition of rock samples with the X-ray fluorescence method (XRF).The main factor affecting the increased element concentrations in the anomalous zone is the variation in mica and clay mineral types. The abundance of trioctahedral micas (biotite) and vermiculitic clays carrying most of the trace metals dissolved in aqua regia, has affected to the geochemical pattern of till in the study area. The concentrations of trace metals in the iron precipitates extracted with acid oxalate were too low to be used as evidence of the hydromorphic origin of the anomalous zone. The abundance of main silicates (quartz, feldspars) does not vary much in the fine fraction of till throughout the study area.The absence of the swelling smectite component from the surface layers of till indicates that the source was not the underlying weathered bedrock. The till with a vermiculitic mixed-layer mineral in the anomalous zone contains more material from old sediments weathered during interstadial or interglacial time than does the till with a low clay content in the non-anomalous zone. The abrupt change in the mineralogical and physical properties of till in the study area is suggested to be attributed to the difference in the transport and accumulation dynamics of overburden during deglaciation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between mineralogy and the physico-chemical properties of till in central Finland

Räisänen¹,

Tenhola²,

Mäkinen³

1992

Bull Geol Soc Finland

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“…Stream water color and Mn concentration (Figure 11) show similar anomalies in peatland areas of western central Finland. The patterns of Mn concentration in stream water and the ratio Mn]Fe (aqua regia leachable) in the fine traction of till (Koljonen 1992) are similar in eastern central Finland. Likewise, the patterns of stream water Fe and Mn concentrations are nearly similar (Lahermo and others, 1995a).…”

Section: 6 Manganesementioning

confidence: 81%

“…Lowest As values are found in areas of Archean gneiss in eastern and northern Finland, and highest values in areas of volcanic-sedimentary rock in southern and western Finland (Koljonen, 1992). Bedrock chemistry is reflected not only in the metal contents of the parent till, but also in the upper soil layers.…”

Section: Arsenicmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Sources of trace metals in streams and headwater lakes in Finland

Tarvainen

Lahermo

Mannio

1997

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Abstract. Distributions of Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, As, and Cd in Finnish surface waters were studied by comparing two data sets: samples from 154 headwater lakes collected by the Water and Environment Administration in 1992 and samples from 1165 headwater streams collected during the environmental geochemical mapping program of the Geological Survey of Finland in 1990. It was expected that headwater lakes with catchments smaller than 1 km 2 and high lake percentage (ratio of lake area to catchment size) would be more influenced by atmospheric trace metal deposition than the streams, with average catchment size of 30 km 2.The lakes with highest arsenic concentrations lie in an area with greenstones and arsenic-rich black schists. The same lakes have high copper concentrations, which evidently are derived from the Cu-rich greenstones of the catchment. The high copper concentrations of streams and lakes in the industrialized region of the southwest coast are due to several anthropogenic sources.The highest concentrations of chromium occur in brown stream and lake waters rich in humic matter, while manganese and zinc concentrations, which are controlled by acidity, tend to be elevated in low-pH waters. The high nickel concentrations in lakes in southwestern Finland probably are due to anthropogenic input, while Ni anomalies in stream and lake water in eastern Finland are correlated with high Ni contents of glacial till. The lead concentrations in lakes are mainly of airborne anthropogenic origin.The pattern of atmospheric deposition is reflected in the concentrations of Cd, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni in headwater lakes, but land-use, the natural distribution of metals in the overburden, water acidity, and the amount of humic substances influence the distribution of trace metals in both lakes and streams. Thus the trace metal distribution in headwater lakes cannot be used alone to estimate the contribution of anthropogenic atmospheric deposition to metal anomalies in Finnish surface waters.

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“…Both natural and smelt deposits are enriched compared to world average values [44][45][46][47] (Table S1; Figure 6), typically by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Overall, there is a general decrease in average concentrations of Co, S, and Te from the bedrock source to the final weathered products (Figure 7).…”

Section: Whole Rock and Sediment Geochemistry (Icp-aes And Icp-ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium and Other Trace Element Mobility in Waste Products and Weathered Sediments at Parys Mountain Copper Mine, Anglesey, UK

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The Parys Mountain copper mining district (Anglesey, North Wales) hosts exposed pyritic bedrock, solid mine waste spoil heaps, and acid drainage (ochre sediment) deposits. Both natural and waste deposits show elevated trace element concentrations, including selenium (Se), at abundances of both economic and environmental consideration. Elevated concentrations of semimetals such as Se in waste smelts highlight the potential for economic reserves in this and similar base metal mining sites. Selenium is sourced from the pyritic bedrock and concentrations are retained in red weathering smelt soils, but lost in bedrock-weathered soils and clays. Selenium correlates with Te, Au, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, S, and Sb across bedrock and weathered deposits. Man-made mine waste deposits show enrichment of As, Bi, Cu, Sb, and Te, with Fe oxide-rich smelt materials containing high Pb, up to 1.5 wt %, and Au contents, up to 1.2 ppm. The trace elements As, Co, Cu, and Pb are retained from bedrock to all sediments, including high Cu content in Fe oxide-rich ochre sediments. The high abundance and mobility of trace elements in sediments and waters should be considered as potential pollutants to the area, and also as a source for economic reserves of previously extracted and new strategic commodities.

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Geochemical Atlas of Finland: preliminary aspects

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Relationship between mineralogy and the physico-chemical properties of till in central Finland

Relationship between mineralogy and the physico-chemical properties of till in central Finland

Sources of trace metals in streams and headwater lakes in Finland

Selenium and Other Trace Element Mobility in Waste Products and Weathered Sediments at Parys Mountain Copper Mine, Anglesey, UK

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