Geochemical and statistical evaluation of groundwater in Imphal and Thoubal district of Manipur, India

Fluoride contamination in water is a major problem across the globe, with health hazards such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. Most earlier studies are confined to local or regional scales. As the problem has serious socioeconomic implications, there is a need for a global perspective. Thus, here we review worldwide research for nearly a century on fluoride contamination in water. We investigated the distribution of fluoride contamination in water, its sources, mobilization and association. The major findings are: (1) Anomalous fluoride concentration in groundwater is mainly confined to arid and semiarid regions of Asia and North Africa. (2) The geogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly fluorine-bearing minerals in rocks and sediments, whereas anthropogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly pesticides and industrial waste.(3) Fluoride mobilization from geogenic sources is mainly controlled by alkalinity and temperature. (4) Fluoride occurrence in water is associated with ions such as sodium, arsenic chloride and bicarbonate. There are few associations of fluoride in water with calcium and magnesium.

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“…In Manipur (Fig. 2), fluoride concentration around 1.78 mg/L in groundwater has been reported (Oinam et al 2012). Chhattisgarh (Fig.…”

Section: Karnataka and Keralamentioning

confidence: 93%

Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride

et al. 2016

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“…Correlation analysis is a powerful statistical technique used to describe the relationship between two or more hydrochemical parameters (Oinam et al 2012). Table 2 shows the result of correlation analysis of dissolved ions in the meltwater of Patsio glacier.…”

Section: Correlation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Major ion chemistry and assessment of weathering processes of the Patsio glacier meltwater, Western Himalaya, India

2014

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Major ion chemistry of meltwater draining from Patsio glacier was carried out between 2010 and 2012 to understand the meltwater chemistry and geochemical processes controlling hydrogeochemistry of the study area. Among the anions, bicarbonate is the major anion on average accounting for 52.5 % in 2010, 58.5 % in 2011 and 58.9 % in 2012 of the total anions (TZ -). Sulphate is the next dominant anion after bicarbonate on average accounting for 45.9 % in 2010, 36.3 % in 2011 and 39.8 % in 2012 of the total anions (TZ -). On the other hand, calcium is the major cation on average accounting for 71.9 % in 2010, 70.3 % in 2011 and 72.5 % in 2012 of the total cations (TZ ? ). The comparatively higher contribution of (Ca ? Mg) to the total cations (TZ ? ), high value of (Ca ? Mg)/((Na ? K), good positive correlation between Ca-HCO 3 and low value of (Na ? K)/TZ ? for all 3 years indicate that carbonate weathering is a dominant geochemical process controlling meltwater chemistry of the study area. The average Na/Cl and K/Cl ratios in the meltwater draining from Patsio glacier are much higher than marine aerosols indicating comparatively minor contribution from atmospheric precipitation to the chemical composition of meltwater of the study area. The average pCO 2 (effective CO 2 pressure) values of the meltwater of study area are higher than the atmospheric pCO 2 showing disequilibrium with respect to atmosphere and open system weathering. Statistical analysis (correlation matrix and factor analysis) was applied for identification of different factors controlling hydrochemistry of the Patsio glacier meltwater.

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“…Gibbs (1970) proposed chemical diagrams for assessing functional sources of dissolved chemical constituents and inferring the mechanism that controls the chemistry of surface water. Various researchers have demonstrated the usefulness of Gibbs diagrams for groundwater (Xiao et al, 2012;Oinam et al, 2012;Xing et al, 2013). The findings from this study will provide valuable insights into the spatioeseasonal hydrogeochemical characteristics of unconfined groundwater in the RRD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%