Geochemical and mineralogical composition of geophagic materials from Baringo town, Kenyan Rift Valley and their possible health effects on the consumers

Gevera, Patrick Kirita; Mouri, Hassina

doi:10.1007/s10653-021-00960-9

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 33 publications

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“…Possible anthropogenic sources of Zn include motor oil, grease, batteries, pesticides, phosphate fertilisers, sewage sludges, transmission fluid, under coating, incineration and wood combustion [70]. Excessive consumption of Zn has been linked to abdominal cramps and interference with Cu metabolism in the body, especially in young males and adolescent females [71,72].…”

Section: Enrichment Factor (Ef)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Ekosse

Nkeng

Bukalo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This study assessed the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of geophagic clays sold in some markets in Cameroon to ascertain their provenance, contamination status and human health risk. To achieve this, 40 samples from 13 markets in Cameroon were purchased and analysed using X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for their mineralogy and geochemistry, respectively. The geophagic clays were dominantly made up of kaolinite and quartz. Their chemistry was dominated by SiO2, Al2O3 and LOI with means of 48.76 wt%, 32.12 wt% and 13.93 wt%, respectively. The major, trace and rare earth elements data showed that these geophagic clays were predominantly derived from felsic rocks. The contamination assessment indicated no enrichment of metals from anthropogenic sources, except for Zn in samples from Acacia, Madagascar and Mfoudi markets. The index of geo-accumulation indicated no contamination to moderate contamination of the clays. The non-carcinogenic index values for Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were generally less than 1, suggesting no non-carcinogenic risk exposure to children and adults consuming the geophagic clays from these metals. The carcinogenic risk index (TCR) for Ni and Cr were above 10−6, which implies that children and adults are vulnerable to minimal carcinogenic health risk. The TCR values from Ni posed the highest risk, especially to children consuming clays from some markets.

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Section: Enrichment Factor (Ef)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Ekosse

Nkeng

Bukalo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Geochemical composition and potential health risks of geophagic materials: an example from a rural area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Mouri

Malepe

Candeias

2023

Environ Geochem Health

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Geophagy is a common practice among rural population of the Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Although, the practice might be beneficial to the health of the consumers, its negative effects could overshadow the positive effects and might lead to detrimental health issues. The present work sought to investigate the geochemical composition as well as pH and organic matter (OM) content of geophagic materials commonly consumed in the study area. Furthermore, assessment of the potential health risk of the materials on geophagic individuals was also considered. Twelve samples were collected in the study area and analysed by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for major and trace elements composition. The results showed higher concentrations of non-essential elements (e.g., As, Cr, Pb) than the proposed recommended daily standards intake, suggesting a potential health risk. The alkaline nature (pH 6.80 to 9.22) of the studied samples might affect the bioacessibility of some essential elements. Furthermore, the OM content (> 0.7%) observed in some of the studied samples may retain pathogenic micro-organisms detrimental to health. Although As and Cr presented a low bioaccessible fraction (< 16.0%), health risk assessment revealed that their concentrations represented a hazard (HQ > 1) and might induce non-carcinogenic health threats to geophagic individuals. Based on the geochemical analysis, pH and OM content as well as health risk assessment findings, the studied geophagic materials are not considered suitable for human consumption. The practice should therefore be discouraged amongst the population in the study area to avoid possible detrimental health issues.

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Geophagy and its potential human health implications - A review of some cases from South Africa

Malepe

Candeias

Mouri

2023

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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Geochemical and mineralogical composition of geophagic materials from Baringo town, Kenyan Rift Valley and their possible health effects on the consumers

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Geochemical composition and potential health risks of geophagic materials: an example from a rural area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Geophagy and its potential human health implications - A review of some cases from South Africa

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