“…As both BIM and GIS model the built environment, the integration of BIM and GIS, termed as GeoBIM, is widely acknowledged in both domains to be crucial and mutually beneficial for the realization of 3D city modelling (Ohori et al, 2018). A number of applications across various domains have been identified which can benefit from the integration, including 3D cadastres, location-based services and navigation, asset management, site selection and planning, and construction coordination of infrastructure projects (Boyes et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017Liu et al, , 2021Noardo, Wu, et al, 2020;Moretti et al, 2021). More specific analyses include automatic check of the derived height of a planned building against the maximum height allowed in the development plan (Olsson et al, 2018), parking availability, shadow analysis and other environmental impact of a proposed building in planning (Noardo, Ellul, et al, 2020).…”