Geo-intelligence based terrain-aware mobile backhaul planning for rural India

Dalela, Pankaj Kumar; Basu, Saurabh; Majumdar, Sabyasachi; Yadav, Arun Kumar; Singh, Arpit; Nagpal, Nidhi; Tyagi, Vipin

doi:10.1109/ants.2014.7057264

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…To minimize the deployed fiber lengths in rural areas, an optimization approach for point to multipoint communications in gigabit passive optical network (GPON) networks is proposed in [234]. The approach finds the minimum spanning tree connecting the customer premises equipment (or the optical equipment that are closest to the customers) to the equipment at the nearest central office, while using a weighted approach taking into account the nature of the terrain and soil composition in the optimization, as these are important factors for fiber deployment in rural areas [234]. In [235], to avoid having under-utilized trees in rural PON networks, a chain of amplifier nodes is used.…”

Section: A Fiber Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main

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Section: A Fiber Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When fiber deployment is too costly, especially when there is no adequate transportation infrastructure (e.g., fiber can be deployed along railroad or power lines [234]), wireless solutions are more adequate [14], as investigated in the following subsections.…”

Section: A Fiber Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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“…Internet demand forecast involves variables that represent social conditions (e.g. macroeconomic aspects [29], technologies and innovations [39], the Internet availability [40,41]) and, the procedures adopted in this relatively fickle activity [1]. The geoprocessing of the physical characteristics of the unit of analysis involves variables that represent the occupation of the city (e.g., distribution and population concentration [2], the layout of streets and avenues [3,12,42,43]) being procedures adopted in this activity relatively constant [44].…”

Section: Cable Network Planning Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Expand or Oversize? Planning Internet Access Network in a Demand Growth Scenario

et al. 2020

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Internet network design specialists are looking for technologies and strategies to deliver network service under increased demand conditions. The choice of strategies is based on applying optimization and decision-making methods to select the most appropriate cable network design considering criteria established by the problem definition. However, this definition is itself a decision problem that has not received analysis in the literature. In particular, one of the most important questions is the necessity to define an expansion strategy. The first alternative (expansion) is to design a network to serve consumers with Internet demand equal to or greater than the predefined one to expand the network annually to serve consumers that reach the predefined Internet speed. The second alternative (oversizing) is to design a network to serve consumers with future Internet demand (after 5 years) at or above that the predefined one. Considering this, the objective of this research is to define the most advantageous strategy of expansion planning to attend a 5 years forecasted Internet demand, considering: (1) the possibility of utilizing a Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network technology; (2) the application of the minimal Steiner tree and Dijkstra algorithms in planning procedures; (3) the influence of economic and technological factors on the demand forecast; (4) the aggressive, moderate, and conservative scenarios in decision-making. The results show that the over-dimensioning strategy reduces network investment by between 30 and 41%, but that this reduction does not always lead to a market investment ratio higher than that observed in the expansion strategy.

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“…To minimize the deployed fiber lengths in rural areas, an optimization approach for point to multipoint communications in GPON networks is proposed in [30]. The approach finds the minimum spanning tree connecting the customer premises equipment (or the optical equipment that are closest to the customers) to the equipment at the nearest central office, while using a weighted approach taking into account the nature of the terrain and soil composition in the optimization, as these are important factors for fiber deployment in rural areas [30]. In [31], to avoid having under-utilized trees in rural PON networks, a chain of amplifier nodes is used.…”

Section: A Fiber Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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Geo-intelligence based terrain-aware mobile backhaul planning for rural India

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Expand or Oversize? Planning Internet Access Network in a Demand Growth Scenario

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

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