GeO 2 decorated reduced graphene oxide as anode material of sodium ion battery

Qin, Wei; Chen, Taiqiang; Hu, Bingwen; Sun, Zhenrong; Pan, Likun

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.055

Cited by 55 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Ge atoms (outer of Ge crystal) from the outer part diffuse inward to form the core and the GeO 2 diffuse outward to form the shell structure, effectively resulting in the migration of GeO 2 to the outer part (Figure f) . Isothermal N 2 adsorption‐desorption experiment (Figure S3, Supporting Information) was used to verify the specific surface areas of the porous Ge(s)/GeO 2 (c) composite and porous GeO 2 (s)/Ge(c) nanostructure . The Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) specific surface areas of the porous GeO 2 (s)/Ge(c) nanostructure and porous Ge(s)/GeO 2 (c) composite were 63.4 and 64.3 m 2 g −1 respectively, signifying a retainment of the porosity after conversion via the Kirkendall effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Yan

Song

Lin

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Germanium (Ge)-based nanostructures, especially those with germanium dioxide (GeO 2 ), have drawn great interest for applications in lithium (Li)-ion batteries due to their ultrahigh theoretical Li + storage capability (8.4 Li/Ge). However, GeO 2 in conventional Ge(s)/GeO 2 (c) (where (c) means the core and (s) means the shell) composite anodes with Ge shell outside GeO 2 undergoes an irreversible conversion reaction, which restricts the maximum capacity of such batteries to 1126 mAhg −1 (the equivalent of storing 4.4 Li + ). In this work, a porous GeO 2 (s)/Ge(c) nanostructure with GeO 2 shell outside Ge cores are successfully fabricated utilizing the Kirkendall effect and used as a lithium-ion battery anode, giving a substantially improved capacity of 1333.5 mAhg −1 at a current density of 0.1 Ag −1 after 30 cycles and a stable long-time cycle performance after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g −1 . The enhanced battery performance is attributed to the improved reversibility of GeO 2 lithiation/delithiation processes catalyzed by Ge in the properly structured porous GeO 2 (s)/Ge(c) nanostructure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Yan

Song

Lin

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Some of the main group metal oxides, such as GeO 2 , SnO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 have shown great potential as compatible candidates for sodium‐ion batteries, and they also possess very high reversible capacities compared to carbon materials, although they commonly suffer from large volume shrinkage and low conductivity. In the past several decades, researchers have put much effort into improving their rate capability and cycling stability of these metal oxides, and their electrochemical performances have been greatly improved via delicate synthesis designs and the help of porous carbon materials to accommodate the expanded volume.…”

Section: Active Anode Materials Incorporated With Porous Carbonaceousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis Strategies and Structural Design of Porous Carbon‐Incorporated Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2019

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tunable porous structures, various morphologies, and high electron conductivity, which makes them very attractive in many different fields of applications, such as energy storage, absorption, water filtration, drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. [3] Their unique properties can be utilized in various kinds of templates, substrates, capsules, and decorations, especially in energy storage research fields. [4] Due to global concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from the fossil fuels and climate change, many renewable energy technologies have been extensively developed and investigated to alleviate the reliance on the traditional fossil energy sources. [5] In order to store the intermittent forms of energy such as wind energy and solar energy, rechargeable batteries are widely considered as one of the best types of power storage for large-scale electrical energy storage systems (EESs). [6][7][8] In the past few decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the power source markets for advanced electric vehicles and portable electronics, since they possess the obvious advantages of high energy density and long cycle life. [9] Nevertheless, the low abundance, uneven distribution, and high price of lithium are increasingly hindering its application in the energy storage area. [10] Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which share a similar electrochemical nature, have been considered as the most promising low-cost alternative candidates to the commercial LIBs, especially for the EESs and smart grid applications, owing to the high abundance of sodium sources worldwide. [11,12] Considerable efforts and progress have been made toward transferring the successful experience on the LIB system to SIBs, especially in terms of electrode materials. Both the anode and cathode materials suffer, however, from sluggish reaction kinetics, lower specific capacity, and less electrochemical activity because of the large ionic radius of Na + (1.02 Å for Na + vs 0.76 Å for Li + ). [13,14] Furthermore, graphitic carbon is almost electrochemically inactive in SIBs. Therefore, developing desirable electrode materials for high performance SIBs, especially desirable anode materials, is still an urgent task that is necessary for the real application of SIBs. [15][16][17][18] Unlike the intercalation-type materials, most of the anode materials for SIBs store Na + ions through alloying reactions Over the past decades, porous carbonaceous and carbon-incorporated composites have aroused tremendous attention owing to their unique properties such as high surface area, excellent accessibility to active sites, tunable morphologies and structures, and superior mass transport and diffusion. They have been widely investigated and applied in various fields, such as energy storage, absorption, water filtration, drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. In the energy storage area, rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted tremendous attention as the next-generation power plants for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs). However, their low ene...

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“…GeO 2 decorated reduced graphene oxide was synthesized by a freeze‐drying and subsequent thermal annealing method. Its specific discharge capacity can maintain at 330 mA h g −1 after 50 cycles . Ge/C hybrids also demonstrate the good rate performance with a capacity of 112 mA h g −1 even at a higher current density of 1.0 A g −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Chevrier and Ceder calculated that sodium can alloy with Ge to form NaGe with a theoretical capacity of 369 mA h g −1 . Ge nanocolumnar thin films, Sn‐Ge alloy, TiO 2 /Ge core–shell nanorod, GeO 2 /graphene, have been designed and synthesized as anode materials for SIBs with enhanced electrochemical performance. Abel et al synthesized Ge nanocolumnar with diameter of 20 nm, displaying a reversible capacity of about 430 mA h g −1 at a high temperature of 70 °C, which is higher than that of the theoretical capacity of 369 mA h g −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ge Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Interconnected Hollow Carbon Boxes as Anodes for Sodium Ion and Lithium Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

Zhang

Dong

et al. 2017

Part. Part. Syst. Charact.

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A carbothermal reaction route to Ge nanoparticle homogeneously encapsulated hollow carbon boxes from NH4H3Ge2O6/resorcinol formaldehyde precursors is designed, using NH4H3Ge2O6 as a Ge precursor from commercial GeO2 and NH4OH. The Ge/C hybrid anode for sodium ion battery displays a higher Na+ storage capacity of 346 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 100 mA h g−1, almost approaching the theoretical capacity of Ge. Furthermore, Ge/C anode shows significantly improved electrochemical performance for Li+ storage, showing a higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 85.1% and a superior reversible capacity of 1336 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 200 mA g−1 after 150 cycles. An excellent rate capability with a capacity of 825 mA h g−1 at a current density of 4.0 A g−1 can be obtained based on Ge/C anodes. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the unique microstructures of Ge/C hybrid anode. The internal void space of hollow carbon boxes can accommodate the volume expansion of Ge during lithiation or sodiation process, thus preserving the structural integrity of electrode material. The interconnected carbon shell can increase the electronic conductivity of the electrode, resulting in the high rate capability and cycling stability.

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GeO 2 decorated reduced graphene oxide as anode material of sodium ion battery

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Synthesis Strategies and Structural Design of Porous Carbon‐Incorporated Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Ge Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Interconnected Hollow Carbon Boxes as Anodes for Sodium Ion and Lithium Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

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GeO 2 decorated reduced graphene oxide as anode material of sodium ion battery

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

GeO2 Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

GeO2 Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Synthesis Strategies and Structural Design of Porous Carbon‐Incorporated Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Ge Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Interconnected Hollow Carbon Boxes as Anodes for Sodium Ion and Lithium Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

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GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

GeO₂ Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties