Genre, religion et nation au sein des ONG de prévention de violence domestique au Tadjikistan

Abstract

Résumé Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les articulations entre genre, religion et nation au sein d'ONG qui agissent pour la prévention de la violence domestique au Tadjikistan. Le contexte post-conflit est caractérisé par une reformulation conservatrice des rôles des hommes et des femmes dans la société au sein de l'idéologie nationale promue par le pouvoir en place et par une inefficacité des structures étatiques à agir contre les violences masculines faites aux femmes. Dans ce contexte, les ONG locales, soutenues par des organisations internationales, s'engagent dans une collaboration avec des religieux. Cette collaboration, présentée par les salariées des ONG comme une stratégie d'ancrage local et national pour lutter contre les violences domestiques, repose sur des contradictions et des oppositions au sein des ONG. Il s'agira alors de mettre à jour ces tensions pour saisir les stratégies de négociations des salariées, qui font face aux normes de genre imposées par l'État nationaliste et par les institutions religieuses.

Donor-Funded Women’s Empowerment in Tajikistan: Trajectories of Women’s NGOs and Changing Attitudes to the International Agenda

“…Thus, it needs to be acknowledged that in the times of great uncertainty, these organizations performed an important social function, which the post-Soviet Tajik state did not fulfill. Comparing with elite women's NGOs, these organizations were also less skeptical about collaborating with religious institutions, recognizing their importance on the ground (see Direnberger 2014). This suggests that they successfully combined the donor-funded women's empowerment with both the needs of local women and local realities.…”

Gender and nation in post-Soviet Central Asia: From national narratives to women's practices

“…Nationalization also implies racialization, since national heroes belong to the ethnic majority of the country, hence asserting the nation's power and prestigious past. Nationalization is structured by the masculine dimension of political power (Nourzhanov 2001;Kandiyoti 2007;Direnberger 2014a). In most Central Asian states, the skills expected for the exercise of political leadership at the highest level are linked to men's exceptional qualities.…”

“…Some researchers argue that the pre-Soviet norms reinterpreted in the nationalist discourses and "Islamic nationalism" in Central Asia are the main obstacles to implementing the gender equality norms of international agreements (Liczek and Wander 2009). Going beyond the oppositions between "universal norms" and "local resistances to gender equality," other researchers point out that international organizations also produce hierarchies in their promotion of gender norms (Heathershaw 2009;Direnberger 2014a). Lucia Direnberger shows how international organizations' activities in Tajikistan have produced hierarchies of gender and race through ideologically oriented production of national data and publications of national reports on women or "gender" in Tajikistan.…”

“…In these publications, gender relations in Central Asia are mainly analyzed through the notion of "tradition(s)" as opposed to "modernity;" it brings about homogenous, essentialist, and ahistorical analyses of Central Asian women. She observes continuity between the Soviet construction of the "traditional oppressed Muslim woman" and that of contemporary international organizations (Direnberger 2014a(Direnberger , 2014b. John Heathershaw describes how international organizations' imperative for being efficient in the short term implicates collaboration with already existing leaders and reinforces former patterns of domination in Tajikistan.…”