Genotyping of rubella virus RNA in sera and dried blood spots collected during routine surveillance and in archival sera

Zheng, Qi; Abernathy, Emily; Sun, Hong; Zhu, Zhen; Filippis, Ana de; Akoua-Koffi, Chantal; Ahmed, Hinda; Morris‐Glasgow, Victoria; Quist-Therson, Margaret; Icenogle, Joseph P.

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.023

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition, although sera are not optimal specimens for viral detection due to the low amounts of viral RNA present, RuV RNA was detected in 21.5% of IgM positive serum samples collected close to symptom onset, while genotypes were obtained from 7.5%. These numbers are in good agreement with a previous study of RuV RNA in sera in which 26% of sera samples were real-time PCR positive and 12% yielded genotypes [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It is clear, however, that a shift occurred in the RuV genotypes over time from genotypes that were common in other European countries (1E and 1G) to the 2B genotype that was previously found primarily in other parts of the eastern hemisphere [ 1 ]. Such genotype shifts have been documented in other countries such as China [ 35 ] and Brazil [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012

et al. 2016

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We describe a rubella outbreak that occurred in Romania between September 2011 and December 2012. During this period 24,627 rubella cases, 41.1% (n=10,134) of which female, were notified based on clinical criteria, and a total of 6,182 individuals were found serologically positive for IgM-specific rubella antibody. The median age of notified cases was 18 years (range: <1–65) and the most affected age group 15 to 19 years (n=16,245 cases). Of all notified cases, 24,067 cases (97.7%) reported no history of vaccination. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 sequences (739 nucleotides each), from 10 districts of the country revealed that the outbreak was caused by two distinct rubella virus strains of genotype 2B, which co-circulated with both temporal and geographical overlap. In addition to the 6,182 IgM-positive rubella cases, 28 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were identified, including 11 neonatal deaths and one stillbirth. The outbreak underscores the need to encourage higher vaccination uptake in the population, particularly in women of reproductive age, and to strengthen epidemiological and laboratory investigations of suspected rubella cases. Genetic characterisation of wild-type rubella virus is an essential component to enhance surveillance and here we report rubella virus sequences from Romania.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012

et al. 2016

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“…Nevertheless, 18% of sera contained detectable rubella RNA and 8% yielded genotypes. This success rate is consistent with previous reports of genotyping rubella virus from archival serum (Zheng et al, 18% RT‐PCR‐positive and 7.8% genotyped; Lazar et al, 21.5% RT‐PCR positive and 7.5% genotyped) providing additional evidence that this is an effective method for retrospective genotype baseline determination for rubella virus . Zheng et al were able to obtain genotypes 1C, 1E, and 1G using these methods implying that this method is able to identify other rubella genotypes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…These requirements are often hard to achieve through the routine surveillance for measles and rubella. Alternative samples such as serum have been shown to provide molecular virological data retrospectively and are a potential source of baseline data on the genetic diversity of the rubella viruses in the prevaccine era. Rubella virus RNA may be detected in acute phase serum specimens (0‐3 days from rash onset) that are rubella IgM‐positive by using the polymerase chain reaction and positive samples can be genotyped …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive epidemiology of rubella disease and associated virus strains in Uganda

Tushabe

Bwogi

Abernathy

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rubella virus causes a mild disease; however, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in over 80% of affected pregnancies. Vaccination is recommended and has been shown to effectively reduce CRS incidence. Uganda plans to introduce routine rubella vaccination in 2019. The World Health Organization recommends assessing the disease burden and obtaining the baseline molecular virological data before vaccine introduction. Sera collected during case-based measles surveillance from January 2005 to July 2018 were tested for rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Sera from confirmed rubella outbreaks from January 2012 to August 2017 were screened using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); for positive samples, a region within the E1 glycoprotein coding region was amplified and sequenced. Of the 23 196 suspected measles cases serologically tested in parallel for measles and rubella, 5334 (23%) were rubella IgM-positive of which 2710 (50.8%) cases were females with 2609 (96.3%) below 15 years of age. Rubella IgM-positive cases were distributed throughout the country and the highest number was detected in April, August, and November. Eighteen (18%) of the 100 sera screened were real-time RT-PCR-positive of which eight (44.4%) were successfully sequenced and genotypes 1G and 2B were identified. This study reports on the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of rubella. Increased knowledge of former and current rubella viruses circulating in Uganda will enhance efforts to monitor the impact of vaccination as Uganda moves toward control and elimination of rubella and CRS.

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“…Sequences from this study were aligned and analyzed together with 32 rubella virus reference strains recommended by WHO. RV sequences previously found in CIV in 2008, as well as sequences found in other African countries such as Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Nigeria (exported to the United States), were also added to this analysis. The accuracy of the groupings was assessed using the bootstrap method with 1000 replicates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of rubella infection and genotyping of rubella virus in Cote d’Ivoire, 2012‐2016

Kadjo¹,

Waku‐Kouomou

Adagba³

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rubella is a contagious disease caused by the rubella virus (RuV) that can lead to serious birth defects when women are infected in early pregnancy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology and genetic diversity of rubella viruses in Cote d'Ivoire (CIV). Blood or oral fluid samples collected from suspected measles cases were first tested for the presence of measles specific IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All measles IgM negative or indeterminate samples were tested for rubella IgM antibody using ELISA. Rubella-IgM-positive samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of rubella virus RNA. Real-time RT-PCR-positive RNA samples were used as template to amplify the 739 nt region used for rubella genotyping. PCR-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis performed. Between 2012 and 2016, 4121 serums and 126 oral fluids were collected through the measles surveillance system. Of these, 3823 and 108 respectively were measles IgM negative or indeterminate. Subsequent testing for rubella found that 690 of 3823 (18%) serum samples and 25 of 108 (23%) oral fluid samples were rubella IgM-positive. The 739 nt segment of the E1 glycoprotein gene was amplified and sequenced for two serums and seven oral fluids samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the rubella viruses from CIV belonged to genotypes 1G (eight samples) and 2B (one sample). Rubella virus genotype 2B was found in CIV for the first time. These data contribute to baseline information on rubella virus strains found in CIV before the introduction of rubella vaccine.

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Genotyping of rubella virus RNA in sera and dried blood spots collected during routine surveillance and in archival sera

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012

Descriptive epidemiology of rubella disease and associated virus strains in Uganda

Epidemiology of rubella infection and genotyping of rubella virus in Cote d’Ivoire, 2012‐2016

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