Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from BVDV infected alpacas in North America

Kim, Sung G.; Anderson, Renee; Yu, Jin Z.; Zylich, Nancy C.; Kinde, Hailu; Carman, Susy; Bedenice, Daniela; Dubovi, Edward J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.029

Cited by 40 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several cases of PI alpacas have since been reported in North America and the United Kingdom. 80,82,83 PI alpacas may survive for several months but are affected by low birthweight, failure to thrive, inappetence, lethargy, chronic diarrhea, and chronic recurrent infections especially of the respiratory tract. In OWC, reproductive disease including abortion, stillbirth, weak calves, early neonatal death, and neonatal hemorrhagic disease have also been reported.…”

Section: Bvdv In Swinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[80][81][82] A study analyzed 46 BVDV isolates from over 12 000 North American alpacas and classified all isolates as noncytopathic strains of subgenotype 1b with 99% or more nucleotide homology in the 5′-UTR. 83 Two explanations for this apparent predominance of BVDV 1b in NWC have been proposed: first, exposures of alpacas to BVDV are rare and spread of the existing BVDV 1b strain is by extensive movement of a few PI animals; or, second, only unique 1b subgenotypes are able to establish transplacental infections in alpacas. 83 Movement of alpacas (including dams with cria by foot) between farms, mainly for breeding purposes, is common practice and have been described in reports of reproductive disease and birth of PI offspring, highlighting the importance of sound biosecurity practices.…”

Section: Bvdv In Swinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Agents

Passler

2014

Bovine Reproduction

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Section: Bvdv In Swinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bvdv In Swinementioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Agents

Passler

2014

Bovine Reproduction

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“…Pestivirus infection has only been recently recognized as a potential cause of serious illness in both NWCs and OWCs (Evermann, 2006), indicating that members of the camelid group are susceptible to infection. In NWCs, Pestivirus has been intensively researched in North America (Byers, 2008;Kim et al, 2009), the UK (Mueller and Broadbent, 2007) as well as in Switzerland (Danuser et al, 2009). BVDV may cause a severe disease in alpacas and llamas, including diarrhea, reproductive loss, wastage and death, posing a significant threat to a herd's health as it does in bovines (Belknap et al, 2000).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed that unique genotypes of bovine BVDV 1b are maintained in the alpaca population of the US. It is not yet clear why alpacas were predominantly infected with genotype 1b BVDV isolates and how bovine BVDV evolved to infect alpacas, although camelids are susceptible to other genotypes (Kim et al, 2009). It is thought, that BVDV infection of camelids primarily originates from infected cattle via intermingling (Evermann, 2006).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Viral Diarrhea-an Emerging Disease in Camelids a Review

Wernery¹

2012

American Journal of Virology

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Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is an emerging disease in both New World Camelids (NWCs) and Old World Camelids (OWCs). The virus has been isolated from NWCs particularly in alpacas and dromedaries, but there are no reports of BVD in Bactrians. BVD is an important infectious disease. Both sub-genotypes 1a, 1b and genotype 2 have been isolated from NWCs but the ncp BVDV 1b is primarily implicated in cases of BVD in NWCs. A BVD strain unique to camelids has not yet been isolated. In NWCs virtually all infections have been caused by the non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV, Persistently infected crias have also been detected. Llamas and alpacas demonstrate clinical signs such as ill thrift, diarrhea, respiratory ailments and abortions. As in bovines, identification and elimination of PI animals, has the highest priority to avoid infection of the entire herd. BVD was also observed in dromedaries and interestingly, both genotypes of the Pestivirus, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, were isolated from dromedaries in Egypt. Both isolates revealed a cytopathic effect (cpe) and so far no ncp virus has been isolated from dromedaries. Also in dromedaries, BVD infections caused intrauterine death, stillbirth, weak calf syndrome with congenital deformities, neonatal respiratory disorders in young dromedary calves and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in adult dromedaries. So far, no PI dromedaries have been described.

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“…cattle, (Mainar-Jaime et al 2001), pigs (Tao et al 2013), sheep (Paton et al 1995), deer (Becher et al 1999;Harasawa 2000), alpaca (Kim et al 2009) and camels (Gao et al 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle on Irish farms

O’Brien

Garvey

Walsh

et al. 2017

Research in Veterinary Science

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The genotype and subgenotype was established for 325 field viruses and one commercial vaccine viral strain based on the analysis of at least one genomic region. BVDV-1a was the prominent subgenotype (n=317) with BVDV-1b (n=6), BVDV-1d (n=1) and BVDV-1e (n=1) also observed. A number of nucleotide sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were constructed to represent the relationship between Irish field viruses and reference strains representative of all known BVDV genotypes and subgenotypes. Evidence of both herd specific clustering and circulation of multiple strains within herds was observed; however no evidence of county specific clustering was observed. A number of completely conserved nucleotide regions were observed and the 5'UTR was found to be more conserved than the N pro fragment analysed. The results of this study provide a detailed and comprehensive insight into the genetic diversity of BVDV in circulation within Irish cattle herds and will act as a baseline reference for future BVDV genotyping studies.

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Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from BVDV infected alpacas in North America

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Infectious Agents

Infectious Agents

Bovine Viral Diarrhea-an Emerging Disease in Camelids a Review

Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle on Irish farms

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