Genotypic Diversity of Coxiella burnetii in the 2007-2010 Q Fever Outbreak Episodes in The Netherlands

Tilburg, Jeroen J. H. C.; Rossen, John W. A.; Hannen, Erik J. van; Melchers, Willem J. G.; Hermans, Mirjam H. A.; Bovenkamp, Jeroen van de; Roest, Hendrik Jan; Bruin, Arnout de; Nabuurs-Franssen, Marrigje H.; Horrevorts, A. M.; Klaassen, Corné H. W.

doi:10.1128/jcm.05497-11

Cited by 71 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Our subtyping data confirmed that the source of the human Q fever infections was the merino sheep farm. The one VNTR difference between the ovine and human isolates at Ms23 is likely to be due to the rapid mutation capacity of this locus [15]. We hypothesise that dried manure and birth fluids contaminated with C. burnetii were dispersed by the wind from the sheep farm towards the towns and their inhabitants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013

et al. 2014

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We investigated a Q fever outbreak with human patients showing high fever, respiratory tract symptoms, headache and retrosternal pain in southern Hungary in the spring and summer of 2013. Seventy human cases were confirmed by analysing their serum and blood samples with micro-immunofluorescence test and real-time PCR. The source of infection was a merino sheep flock of 450 ewes, in which 44.6% (25/56) seropositivity was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected by real-time PCR in the milk of four of 20 individuals and in two thirds (41/65) of the manure samples. The multispacer sequence typing examination of C. burnetii DNA revealed sequence type 18 in one human sample and two manure samples from the sheep flock. The multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis pattern of the sheep and human strains were also almost identical,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strong positive samples (with Ct values below 30) were further genotyped with multispacer sequence typing (MST) based on 10 loci and multilocus variablenumber tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on six loci [13][14][15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013

et al. 2014

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“…24 Although livestock species are considered one of the most common sources of human infection, 3 studies have shown that coxiellosis in cattle is caused by a widespread specifically cattle-adapted strain not linked to human outbreaks in Europe of Q fever. 20, 45 Yet, human infection through C. burnetii-contaminated aerosols or products from cattle should not be underestimated. 5,14 Infected cattle shed high numbers of C. burnetii in milk, vaginal mucus, feces, 14 urine, 6 and, importantly, birth products, 17 and generally exhibit subclinical symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetiitotal immunoglobulin G, phase I and phase II immunoglobulin G antibodies, and bacterial shedding in young dams in persistently infected dairy herds

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The current study examines Coxiella burnetii infection patterns in young dairy dams around the calving period in persistently infected high-producing dairy herds. Infection patterns were determined in terms of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and phase-specific IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bacterial shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). On days 171-177 of gestation, at parturition, and on days 15-21 and 91-97 postpartum, 7 firstparity cows and 7 second-parity cows were sampled for serology and qPCR. Total phase-specific I (PhI) and II (PhII) IgG antibodies were detected in 2 animals at days 171-177 of gestation. Four additional animals underwent seroconversion on days 91-97 postpartum. Three of 6 seropositive dams according to total IgG, showed a PhI+/PhII+ profile, whereas dams that seroconverted exhibited a PhI-/PhII+ (2/6) or PhI+/PhII-(1/6) profile. An indirect fluorescent antibody test for PhI and PhII immunoglobulin M (IgM) was performed on plasma samples from the shedding dams, confirming seropositivity in a first-parity dam that seroconverted, and detecting a sudden spike of PhI-IgM antibodies in 1 further dam. No relationship was detected in young C. burnetii-infected animals between total IgG, PhI and/or PhII antibodies, and bacterial shedding throughout the study period. The highest bacterial load measured by qPCR was recorded in a second-parity dam. This animal presented abnormal peripheral blood counts, which would be an indication of severe peripheral blood alterations in some infected cattle. This study suggests that young shedder cows are mostly seronegative in early stages of infection.

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“…MLVA genotypes I and J have also been recognized incidentally in 8 human clinical samples (placenta and heart valve) from France and in 2 animal samples (cattle and goats) from The Netherlands. However, very different MLVA genotypes (A to H) were identified in human, ovine, and caprine clinical samples from the Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands using a 6-locus and 10-locus MLVA panel (10,12), indicating that the Dutch Q fever outbreak is not related to the presence of C. burnetii in cattle.…”

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confidence: 99%