Genotypic and phenotypic virulence characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia spp. isolated from meat and milk products

Abstract

A total of 300 food samples including 180 milk and 120 meat products have been examined for the presence of Yersinia spp. using the ISO 10273 and the cold enrichment method. The overall prevalence of Yersinia spp. was 84 (28%). Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 18 (6%) of the 300 samples. The other Yersinia species were detected in the samples Yersinia rohdei 15 (5%), Yersinia intermedia 14 (4.7%), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 12 (4%), Yersinia ruckeri 12 (4%), Yersinia mollaretii 5 (1.7%), Yersinia bercovieri 4 (1.3%), and atypical Yersinia spp. 4 (1.3%). The conventionally identified Y. enterocolitica strains were also confirmed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All Y. enterocolitica strains biotyped as 1A had negative results in the phenotypic virulence tests. The 84 Yersinia strains were also examined genotypically for the presence of virulence genes. None of the Y. enterocolitica and other Yersinia strains contained the ail, ystA, yadA, and virF except only 1 Y. intermedia and 2 Y. enterocolitica strains that were found to be positive for ystB. Antimicrobial resistance of 84 Yersinia to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method. All strains were sensitive to tobramycine and imipenem while resistant to clindamycin. Although 84.5% of the strains were resistant to at least 3 or more antimicrobial agents, 64.3% of them were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobial agents.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Epidemiology of Antibiotic-resistant Yersinia Species in Food and Clinical Specimens in Iran

“…1,9 Regarding aminoglycosides, gentamicin, and streptomycin, low levels of resistance have been reported among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in Iran, which is in accordance with reports from Italy (0%), China (4.3% to gentamicin and 8.6% to streptomycin), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to gentamicin and 4.8% to streptomycin), and Korea (0%). [25][26][27][28][29][30] The prevalence of resistance to other antibiotics used for the treatment of human yersiniosis (i.e., trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was higher (17.1%) than those reported from Italy (0%) 25 and Malaysia, 31 but lower than that of China (74.3%). 26…”

“…Reported resistance prevalence of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from food products against quinolones, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, and tetracycline in different countries is as follows: Italy (0%), China (1.4% to ciprofloxacin, 18.6% to nalidixic acid, and 8.6% to tetracycline), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to ciprofloxacin, 4.8% to nalidixic acid, and 4.8% to tetracycline), Korea (0%), and Malaysia (62.5% to nalidixic acid and tetracycline). [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Reports have proven the resistance of Y. enterocolitica to first-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin. 1 Similarly, the resistance of Y. enterocolitica to β-lactams including amoxicillin (45.9%), ampicillin (50.3%), and cephalothin (83.3%) was high in Iran.…”

“…25 Similar results in accordance with our meta-analysis were observed for Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from food products in Italy (100% to ampicillin and cephalothin), China (98.6% to ampicillin and 95.7% to cephalothin), Germany (83.3% to amoxicillin, 50% to ampicillin, and 83.3% to cephalothin), Turkey (57.1% to amoxicillin, 64.3% to ampicillin, and 86.9% to cephalothin), Korea (94% to ampicillin and 100% to cephalothin) and Malaysia (92.6% to amoxicillin and 96.3% to ampicillin). 25,26,[28][29][30][31] Gentamicin in combination with either fluoroquinolones or thirdgeneration cephalosporins was recommended in lifethreatening Y. enterocolitica infections, such as sepsis and meningitis. 1,9 Regarding aminoglycosides, gentamicin, and streptomycin, low levels of resistance have been reported among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in Iran, which is in accordance with reports from Italy (0%), China (4.3% to gentamicin and 8.6% to streptomycin), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to gentamicin and 4.8% to streptomycin), and Korea (0%).…”

Current Challenges in Enhancing the Microbiological Safety of Raw Meat

“…Of relevance to meat is the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Yersinia, Enterococcus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella, which have been recovered from meat (Ozdemir and Arslan, 2015;Petternel et al, 2014;Kilonzo-Nthenge et al, 2013). The clinical significance of these extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) strains is increasing, with complications occurring in normally treatable conditions, such as urinary tract infections and bacteremia (Jasper et al, 2015).…”

Occurrence ofYersinia rohdeiamong feral reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) and kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) on the Sub-Antarctic island South Georgia

“…Furthermore, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are enteropathogens with relevance to both human and veterinary medicine, and can be found in both domestic and wild birds and mammals, including reindeer [11]. Such infections in humans are mainly considered to be foodborne [12,13]. Yersinia rohdei has previously been isolated from several mammal species, including humans with and without symptoms of gastrointestinal disease, healthy dogs [14] and reindeer [10,15], and from migratory birds [16].…”