Genotypic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Biofilm Production and Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk, North West Province, South Africa

Abstract

Background: Biofilm formation in S. aureus may reduce the rate of penetration of antibiotics, thereby complicating treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. The aim of this study was to correlate biofilm-forming potentials, antimicrobial resistance, and genes in S. aureus isolates. Methods: A total of 64 milk samples were analysed, and 77 S. aureus were isolated. Results: Seventy (90.9%) isolates were biofilm producers. The ica biofilm-forming genes were detected among 75.3% of the isolates, with icaA being the most prevalent (49, 63.6%). The icaB gene was significantly (P = 0.027) higher in isolates with strong biofilm formation potentials. High resistance (60%–90%) of the isolates was observed against ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and penicillin, and 25 (32.5%) of S. aureus showed multidrug resistance (MDR) to at least three antibiotics. Five resistance genes, namely blaZ (29, 37.7%), vanC (29, 37.7%), tetK (24, 31.2%), tetL (21, 27.3%), and msrA/B (16, 20.8%) were detected. Most MDR phenotypes possessed at least one resistance gene alongside the biofilm genes. However, no distinct pattern was identified among the resistance and biofilm phenotypes. Conclusions: The high frequency of potentially pathogenic MDR S. aureus in milk samples intended for human consumption, demonstrates the public health relevance of this pathogen in the region.

Encapsulation and Characterization of Meropenem in Niosome Nanoparticles and Inhibitory Effects of Antibiofilm and Antibacterial on Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus

“…On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria demonstrate resistance to a variety of antibiotics to a point that some of its strains have indicated vancomycin-resistance (32). The present study examined the sensitivity of various isolates, indicating that 82.71 of the isolates were MDR and 82.07% of the strains were vancomycin-resistant while vancomycin is among the drug choices to MSRA, which was consistent with previous research (33). Besides, 72.38% of the isolates were capable of forming biofilms which are among the main factors of microbial resistance among Iranian nosocomial infections according to Piri et al (2018,17).…”

“…Besides, 72.38% of the isolates were capable of forming biofilms which are among the main factors of microbial resistance among Iranian nosocomial infections according to Piri et al (2018,17). According to the literature, the formation of biofilm in S. aureus reduces the speed of antibiotics' penetration and causes complications for the treatment of infections due to these bacteria (33).…”

“…Besides, 72.38% of the isolates were capable of forming biofilms which are among the main factors of microbial resistance among Iranian nosocomial infections according to Piri et al(2018,17). According to the literature, the formation of biofilm in S. aureus reduces the speed of antibiotics' penetration and causes complications for the treatment of infections due to these bacteria(33).Therefore, research focused on new treatment strategies as well as strategies for reducing MRSA resistance is of great importance. Given that niosome formulations are being studied as promising tools to increase compounds' antibacterial activities(34), the present study focused on niosome-encapsulated meropenem to reduce the resistance of MRSA and increase antibacterial activity against it.…”

Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Beef from the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon

“…Several studies have shown foods of animal origin to be an important reservoir of S. aureus [24][25][26][27][28], and there are increasing reports on foodborne disease outbreaks linked to S. aureus. In Cameroon, most reports on S. aureus are mainly from clinical samples and hospital environment [29][30][31][32].…”

Antimicrobial-Resistance of Food-Borne Pathogens

“…The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of biofilm producing and AMR in Staphylococcus aureus from milk was the focus of the contribution by Agbortabot Bissong and co-workers. The high frequency of AMR Staphylococcus aureus strains in milk intended for human consumption demonstrates the importance of this multi-drug resistant bacteria in terms of public health in the North West Province of South Africa [ 5 ]. The occurrence of AMR among Salmonella serovars isolated from foods in Italy was investigated by Peruzy and co-workers.…”