Genotypes and S‐gene variability of Mexican hepatitis B virus strains

Abstract

The genotypes and subtypes of 15 Mexican hepatitis B virus strains were determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the small S-gene. The most predominant strains were found to be divergent genotype/subtype F/adw4 strains (66.6%), followed by A/adw2 (20.0%), D/ayw3 (6.7%), and G/adw2 (6.7%). The S-genes of the Mexican genotype F strains and two Nicaraguan strains described previously formed a subcluster with more than 4% divergence from the other strains within this genotype. The Mexican strains within genotypes A and D showed the highest homology with strains from Europe and the United States. Ten amino acid substitutions not described previously were found in the S-genes of strains from nine chronic carriers, whereas the S gene in strains from six acute hepatitis B patients were highly conserved as compared to their respective genotypes. One genotype F strain from an HBsAg positive chronic carrier had a T to A mutation at position 647, forming a translational stop at codon 216. Two genotype F strains from HBsAg negative chronic carriers had a Val180 instead of an Ala found in the other genotype F strains. This study shows that a divergent genotype F predominates in Mexican strains analyzed, which presented amino acid substitutions not reported previously outside the a determinant.

Multiple cytokine expression profiles reveal immune-based differences in occult hepatitis B genotype H-infected Mexican Nahua patients

“…Genotypes B and C predominate in Asia (Osiowy et al 2006) and genotype F is predominate in Latin America (Campos et al 2005, Mbayed et al 2009). Genotype H has been primarily detected in Mexico (Sanchez et al 2002(Sanchez et al , 2007. We have shown previously that OHB genotype H is common among the ethnic Nahua population (Roman et al 2010).…”

“…To avoid false-negative and false-positive results, designed PCR primers should span at least three genomic regions of the HBV genome (Raimondo et al 2010). Therefore, nested PCR primers were used to amplify and detect the S and C regions in purified viral DNA from patient serum (Sanchez et al 2002). Amplification of the core region of HBV was performed as described previously (Torres-Baranda et al 2006).…”

Detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes using oligonucleotide chip among hepatitis B virus carriers in Eastern China

“…Genotypes B and C are confined to Asia, genotype D is widespread but is the predominant genotype in the Mediterranean region, while genotype E is found mainly in West Africa [10] . Genotype F shows the highest divergence among the genotypes and is indigenous to aboriginal populations of the Americas [11] . Genotype G is found in USA, France, and Germany [5,12,13] , genotype H in the Central America [6] .…”

Identification of Novel D11 Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Subgenotype in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

“…Genotypes B and C are found in Southeast Asia, China and Japan (Michitaka et al, 2006) and genotype D has a worldwide distribution including the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and India (Sunbul et al, 2013;Bahri et al, 2006). Genotype E was designated frequently in Africa while Genotype G was reported in France, Germany, the United States (US) and Mexico (Kato et al, 2001(Kato et al, , 2004Sanchez et al, 2002;Vieth et al, 2002;Chu et al, 2003). The eighth genotype named H is confined to Nicaragua, Mexico and the US (California) (Sanchez et al, 2002;Kato et al, 2004).…”

“…Genotype E was designated frequently in Africa while Genotype G was reported in France, Germany, the United States (US) and Mexico (Kato et al, 2001(Kato et al, , 2004Sanchez et al, 2002;Vieth et al, 2002;Chu et al, 2003). The eighth genotype named H is confined to Nicaragua, Mexico and the US (California) (Sanchez et al, 2002;Kato et al, 2004). Recently, a complex recombinant of genotypes A, C and G referred to be a new genotype (I) which was described and sequenced in Northwestern China, Vietnam and Brazil changing the genotyping of HBV into nine genotypes confirming with the stereotypes classification (Santos et al, 2010).…”