Genotypes and allele frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism among Bahraini population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related diseases

Abstract

Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, of a 287-bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been shown to be associated with different types of diseases and has been widely investigated in different populations with different ethnic origins. Various reports were published suggesting inter-ethnic variations in the frequency of allelic forms of the ACE gene. The goal of this study was to test the distribution of alleles and the different genotypes of ACE (I/D) polymorphism in Bahraini subjects and compare the results with those obtained from other population studies. The Bahraini population is an Arabic peninsula population with a high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension. A total of 560 unrelated Bahraini individuals were recruited in this study and the presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was done by PCR-based assays and the presence or absence of the genotypes were analyzed by the gel electrophoresis. The distribution of II, ID, and DD genotypes showed differences among Bahraini subjects, and the frequency of the D allele was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the studied group. The results obtained for the D allele are consistent with those obtained from previous studies among Arabs, Africans, and Caucasians, but differs significantly (P < 0.05) from those in Japanese and Chinese, thus proving the ethnic variation in the distribution of the ACE alleles in different populations.

The Combined Effect of ACE, TCF7L2, and PPARGC1A Gene Polymorphisms in Diabetic Nephropathy

“…Our results were also supported by another meta-analysis data, where reported considerable involvement between the ACE DD polymorphism and the possibility of DN [17]. In the same line, several studies in different population have reported that a strong relationship between the ACE DD genotype and the risk for diabetic nephropathy was reported in Malaysian [18], British Caucasian [19], Bahraini [20], Japanese [21], Korean [22], and Americans [14] populations. However, information from other studies in Chinese [23], German [24], Danish [25], Turkish [26], and Tunisian [27] populations were unsuccessful to prove this association.…”

Genetic combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bahrain

“…20 In turn, this may explain the highest prevalence of T2DM and its complications in addition to hypertension in Bahraini population. 1 The mode of action of the ACE I/D gene was not known until now, however, earlier reports showed that D allele is associated with higher plasma ACE concentrations.…”

Women Transmits Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) More Than Men: Evidences from Parental Inheritance of T2DM Among Bahrainis

“…Indeed, T2DM results from alterations of various genes, each having a partial and additive effect [35]. Using DNA from the same subjects of this study, we previously reported a significant association of insertion/deletion polymorphisms (DD genotype and D allele) of ACE but not of MTHFR C677T polymorphism (SNP), with T2DM in this cohort [19,21]. As independent markers for the maternal transmission of T2DM in the present study, we examined the distribution of the 2 polymorphisms in rela-tion to the maternal T2DM.…”

“…The ACE I/D polymorphism genotyping was performed on extracted DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a pair of oligonucleotide primers (50-CTGGAGACCACTCCCATC-CTTTCT-30 and 50-GATGTGGCCATCACGTCAG AT-30 -Biobasic, Markham, Canada). The PCR premix constituents' concentrations were mentioned in details before [18,19]. The reactions were performed with 5 pmol of each primer in combination with Taq PCR Master Mix (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA).…”

“…Each sample that had the DD genotype was re-amplified with an insertionspecific primer pair, which recognized an insertion-specific sequence. The PCR products were analyzed on 2 % agarose gels after staining with Vistra Green™, as described before [19].…”