Genotype variability of Nostoc symbionts associated with three epiphytic Nephroma species in a boreal forest landscape

Fedrowitz, Katja; Kaasalainen, Ulla; Rikkinen, Jouko

doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.1.220

Cited by 40 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When packaged into the propagules of symbiotically dispersing lichens, the Nostoc symbionts invariably experience a genetic bottleneck and their population is reduced to only a few trichomes (24)(25)(26). At the same time, the close association with a symbiotic host may promote the evolution of different traits from in freeliving cyanobacteria (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lichen DNA was extracted from a minute thallus fragment or in the case of tripartite species from cephalodia. Cyanobacterial symbionts were cultured and the cyanobacterial and lichen DNA was extracted as previously described (26).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PCR was repeated in a 60-μL volume containing 2 μL genomic DNA and 1.0 U of enzyme for those samples judged to contain an mcyE gene after the initial PCR screening. The cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified, all PCR products were purified and sequenced, and the chromatograms were edited as previously described (11,26).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Kaasalainen¹,

Fewer

Jokela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Microcystins are potent toxins that are responsible for the poisoning of both humans and animals. These toxins are mainly associated with aquatic cyanobacterial blooms, but here we show that the cyanobacterial symbionts of terrestrial lichens from all over the world commonly produce microcystins. We screened 803 lichen specimens from five different continents for cyanobacterial toxins by amplifying a part of the gene cluster encoding the enzyme complex responsible for microcystin production and detecting toxins directly from lichen thalli. We found either the biosynthetic genes for making microcystins or the toxin itself in 12% of all analyzed lichen specimens. A plethora of different microcystins was found with over 50 chemical variants, and many of the variants detected have only rarely been reported from free-living cyanobacteria. In addition, high amounts of nodularin, up to 60 μg g −1 , were detected from some lichen thalli. This microcystin analog and potent hepatotoxin has previously been known only from the aquatic bloom-forming genus Nodularia. Our results demonstrate that the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in lichen symbiosis is a global phenomenon and occurs in many different lichen lineages. The very high genetic diversity of the mcyE gene and the chemical diversity of microcystins suggest that lichen symbioses may have been an important environment for diversification of these cyanobacteria.Nostoc | Peltigera | cyanolichen | secondary metabolites | chemical defence

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Kaasalainen¹,

Fewer

Jokela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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149

124

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“…As appropriate cyanobionts are not likely to be ubiquitously distributed, the local availability of cyanobionts can explain many patterns of cyanolichen species occurrence, and shared symbiont specificity may lead to facilitative interactions between different fungal hosts. For example, some spore-dispersed mycobionts appear to be facilitated by the prior establishment of other cyanolichen species that produce symbiotic propagules Rikkinen 2003Rikkinen , 2013Fedrowitz et al 2011Fedrowitz et al , 2012Belinchón et al 2014;Dal Grande et al 2014) or by bryophytes that house appropriate cyanobacteria (Cornejo and Scheidegger 2016).…”

Section: Cyanolichen Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanobacteria in Terrestrial Symbiotic Systems

Rikkinen

2017

Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes

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Filamentous cyanobacteria are important primary producers and N 2 fixers in many terrestrial environments. As reduced nitrogen is often limiting, some thalloid liverworts (Marchantiophyta), hornworts (Anthocerophyta), the water fern Azolla (Salviniales), cycads (Cycadophyta), and the angiosperm Gunnera (Gunnerales) have evolved the ability to establish stable and structurally welldefined symbioses with N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria. Also a wide diversity of lichenforming fungi have cyanobacteria as photosynthetic symbionts or as N 2 -fixing symbionts. Cyanolichen symbioses have evolved independently in different fungal lineages, and evolution has often resulted in convergent morphologies in distantly related groups. DNA techniques have provided a wealth of new information on the diversity of symbiotic cyanobacteria and their hosts. The fact that many plants and fungi engage in many different symbioses simultaneously underlines the probable significance of diffuse evolutionary relationships between different symbiotic systems, including cyanobacterial and mycorrhizal associations. This review introduces the reader to recent research on symbiotic cyanobacteria in terrestrial ecosystems and shortly describes the astonishing range of diversity in these ecologically important associations.

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“…The transitions might be explained by shifts to asexual fungal reproduction, involving vertical symbiont transmission, and narrowing of ecological niches. Fedrowitz et al (2011) studied the diversity patterns of Nostoc trnL genotypes in three epiphytic Nephroma species within a boreal forest landscape in Finland (Fig. 5B).…”

Section: From Single Thalli To Global Distribution Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular studies on cyanobacterial diversity in lichen symbioses

Rikkinen¹

2013

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Citation: Rikkinen J (2013) Molecular studies on cyanobacterial diversity in lichen symbioses. In: Boonpragob K, Crittenden P, Lumbsch HT (Eds) Lichens: from genome to ecosystems in a changing world. MycoKeys 6: 3-32. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.6.3869 AbstractSymbioses between cyanobacteria and lichen-forming fungi occur worldwide in a wide range of terrestrial environments, ranging from tropical rainforests to hot and cold deserts. The evolutionary success of these symbioses is evident from the wide range of fungal groups that have established associations with cyanobacteria. The diversity of symbiotic cyanobacteria is also high, and it is obvious that symbioses between different cyanobacteria and different lichen-forming fungi have evolved on multiple occasions. From the late 1990s cyanobacterial lichens have been the subject of a steadily increasing number of molecular investigations. This chronological review examines how these studies have contributed to present knowledge and highlights some conceptual developments that have been instrumental in the process.

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Genotype variability of Nostoc symbionts associated with three epiphytic Nephroma species in a boreal forest landscape

Cited by 40 publications

References 31 publications

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Cyanobacteria in Terrestrial Symbiotic Systems

Molecular studies on cyanobacterial diversity in lichen symbioses

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