Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus Prevalent in Eastern China Shows Diverse Subtypes

Hua, Tian; Fu, Xingli; Li, Wang; Huang, Yuan; Sun, Jiayao; Zhou, Gai; Zhou, Changjian; Shen, Yin; Yang, Shixing; Zhang, Wen

doi:10.5812/hepatmon.25367v2

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Thus, based on these reports it could be established that pigs could be a potential source of zoonotic HEV infection in different countries of the world. Different pig breeds from Europe, North America and Asia were found as the potential zoonotic reservoir of HEV G3 and G4 (Hsieh et al, 1999;Meng et al, 1997Meng et al, , 1998Tanaka et al, 2006 andTian et al, 2015). Swine HEV G4 was also isolated from indigenous pig breeds of India where the pigs did not have any contact with foreign pig breeds.…”

Section: Hev Belongs To the Genus Hepevirus Of The Novel Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in swine and occupationally exposed workers in Punjab, India

Bansal

Kaur

Deka

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has two discrete epidemiological patterns: waterborne epidemics in developing countries only, caused by HEV genotype I, and sporadic zoonotic outbreaks in developing and developed countries caused by genotypes III and IV. This study was designed to investigate seroprevalence, molecular detection and the characterization of HEV by nested RT-PCR in swine as well as the occupational risk to exposed human population in Punjab state of north-western India. The occupational risk-exposed group comprised of swine farmers (organized - mixed feed feeders and unorganized - swill feeders), slaughterhouse workers, sewage workers and veterinary internes. During the study period, blood and faecal samples were collected from 320 swine and 360 humans with both high and low occupational exposure risks. The overall seroprevalence of swine HEV was 65.00%, with a significantly higher seropositivity in growing pigs (2-8 months of age). The prevalence of HEV RNA in swine faecal samples by nRT-PCR was 8.75% with a significantly higher detection in swill-fed pigs. With humans in the high occupational exposure risk population, significantly higher anti-HEV IgG seropositivity was observed (60.48%) as compared to control population (10.71%). Strong evidence of association between human anti-HEV IgG seropositivity and certain occupational exposure risk groups was observed (p < 0.05). This indicates that unorganized swine farmers, slaughterhouse workers and sewage workers have higher odds of HEV infection in this study region. Percentage of nucleotide similarity between swine and human HEV isolates was less than that found in countries with zoonotic HEV outbreaks. Molecular characterization revealed the circulation of G IV and G I genotypes among swine and human population in Punjab state, respectively.

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Section: Hev Belongs To the Genus Hepevirus Of The Novel Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different pig breeds from Europe, North America and Asia were found as the potential zoonotic reservoir of HEV G3 and G4 (Hsieh et al., ; Meng et al., , ; Tanaka et al., and Tian et al., ). Swine HEV G4 was also isolated from indigenous pig breeds of India where the pigs did not have any contact with foreign pig breeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in swine and occupationally exposed workers in Punjab, India

Bansal

Kaur

Deka

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…It is believed to be mainly transmitted through consumption of uncooked or undercooked pig meat. (9) Genotype 4 is also a zoonotic strain, mainly found in China (10)(11)(12) and Japan (13,14) as well as some sporadic cases reported in Europe. (15)(16)(17) Thus, zoonotic strains are circulating in both developing and developed countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis

et al. 2016

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. HEV infection in immunocompromised patients involves a high risk for the development of chronic hepatitis. Because HEV is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen, it is currently believed that swine is the primary reservoir. However, this is not sufficient to justify the strikingly high seroprevalence of HEV in both developing and Western countries. Thus, this study aimed to identify new zoonotic sources that bear a high risk of transmission to humans. We collected fecal, blood, and milk samples of cows in a typical rural region of Yunnan Province in southwest China, where mixed farming of domestic animals is a common practice. HEV RNA was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the whole genome was sequenced. HEV infectivity was assessed in rhesus macaques. We found a high prevalence of active HEV infection in cows as determined by viral RNA positivity in fecal samples. Surprisingly, we discovered that HEV is excreted into milk that is produced by infected cows. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HEV isolates from cow/ milk belong to genotype 4 and subtype 4h. Gavage with HEV-contaminated raw and even pasteurized milk resulted in active infection in rhesus macaques. Importantly, a short period of boiling, but not pasteurization, could completely inactivate HEV. Conclusion: Infectious HEV-contaminated cow milk is recognized as a new zoonotic source that bears a high risk of transmission to humans; these results call attention to understanding and establishing proper measurement and control of HEV zoonotic transmission, particularly in the setting of mixed farming of domestic animals. (HEPATOLOGY 2016;64:350-359) H epatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive singlestranded RNA virus with four defined genotypes and other newly discovered strains that have not been assigned to these known genotypes. (1) It is the most common cause of acute hepatitis globally. (2) In the Western world, chronic hepatitis has been frequently described in immunocompromised patients. (3) Thus, HEV infection has emerged as a global public health issue with a particularly high mortality rate in pregnant women. (4) Seroprevalence is rather high in the developing world, ranging 30%-80%. Strikingly, it is also very high in Western countries. In the United States, population-based surveys have indicated a seroprevalence of 21% from 1988 to 1994 and 6% from 2009 to 2010. (5) An overall seroprevalence of 22.4% and 27% was found in French (6) and Dutch (7) blood donors, respectively.In the developing world, epidemics of hepatitis E occur periodically and are mainly attributed to genotypes 1 and 2. They account for annually 20 million infections, over 3 million cases with symptomatic diseases, and 70,000 deaths. (8) Fecal contamination of drinking water is a major route of transmission of these two genotypes. (8) In contrast, in developed countries, HEV genotype 3 is predominant and spread by zoonotic transmission.

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“…The distribution of ORF3 epitopes of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus affects the proline rich C-terminal domain, which has an effect on the immune activity of downstream V105 dlp108 14 . In the northeast of China, some strains of hepatitis E virus that were prevalent in human and pig populations were all genotype 4 swine hepatitis E virus 32 – 34 . SHEV ORF3 is an important virulent protein, which affects the replication and release of virus, it is also an important viral regulatory protein, which can affect transcription factor activity and cytoplasmic signal transduction pathway 35 – 37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Circular RNAs in HepG2 Expressing Genotype IV Swine Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 Via Whole Genome Sequencing

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2021

Cell Transplant

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Swine hepatitis E (SHE) is a new type of zoonotic infectious disease caused by swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV). Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is a key regulatory and virulent protein of SHEV. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special kind of non-coding RNA molecule, which has a closed ring structure. In this study, to identify the circRNA profile in host cells affected by SHEV ORF3, adenovirus ADV4-ORF3 mediated the overexpression of ORF3 in HepG2 cells, whole genome sequencing was used to investigate the differentially expressed circRNAs, GO and KEGG were performed to enrichment analyze of differentially expressed circRNA-hosting gene, and Targetscan and miRanda softwares were used to analyze the interaction between circRNA and miRNA. The results showed adenovirus successfully mediated the overexpression of ORF3 in HepG2 cells, 1,105 up-regulation circRNAs and 1,556 down-regulation circRNAs were identified in ADV4-ORF3 infection group compared with the control. GO function enrichment analysis of differentially expressed circRNAs-hosting genes classified three main categories (cellular component, biological process and molecular function). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis scatter plot showed the pathway term of top20. The circRNAs with top10 number of BS sites for qRT-PCR validation were selected to confirmed, the results indicated that the up-regulated hsa_circ_0001423 and hsa_circ_0006404, and down-regulated of hsa_circ_0004833 and hsa_circ_0007444 were consistent with the sequencing data. Our findings first preliminarily found that ORF3 protein may affect triglyceride activation (GO:0006642) and riboflavin metabolism (ko00740) in HepG2 cells, which provides a scientific basis for further elucidating the effect of ORF3 on host lipid metabolism and the mechanism of SHEV infection.

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Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus Prevalent in Eastern China Shows Diverse Subtypes

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in swine and occupationally exposed workers in Punjab, India

Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in swine and occupationally exposed workers in Punjab, India

Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis

Identifying Circular RNAs in HepG2 Expressing Genotype IV Swine Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 Via Whole Genome Sequencing

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