Genotoxic activities of the food contaminant 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using different in vitro bioassays

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furfural (HMF) – Heat-Induced Formation, Occurrence in Food and Biotransformation - a Review

“…In the study, none of the results of the Ames test (+S9 or −S9) exceeded the critical value of 2.0 and all quotients ranged below 1.6, except at the lowest concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg) in TA 1535 with S9 (2, 1.7, 1.6, respectively for the quotients), without concentration effect profile. Therefore, the Ames test did not show any genotoxic potential of HMF compared to the respective positive controls [Severin et al, 2010]. In studies conducted by the NTP, 5-hydroxymethyl--2-furfural was weakly mutagenic to S. typhimurium strain TA100 in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9) over a concentration range of 100 to 10,000 µg/plate.…”

“…Severin et al [2010] demonstrated that HMF was not cytotoxic to bacteria at the highest concentration (5000 µg/ plate), with or without exogenous activation system (S9). In the study, none of the results of the Ames test (+S9 or −S9) exceeded the critical value of 2.0 and all quotients ranged below 1.6, except at the lowest concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg) in TA 1535 with S9 (2, 1.7, 1.6, respectively for the quotients), without concentration effect profile.…”

“…Severin et al [2010] estimated the viability of HepG2 cells exposed to different concentrations of HMF using the Alamar Blue assay. The authors demonstrated the cytotoxicity of HMF, with an IC 50 =38 mmol/L, suggesting weak toxicity.…”

Hydroxymethyl furfural in chinese herbal medicines: Its formation, presence, metabolism, bioactivities and implications

“…By the Salmonella microsome assay, examination of possible mutagenic effects of HMF on the Salmonella typhimurium indicator strains TA98 and TA102 revealed the lack of obvious mutagenicity of HMF (Cheriot et al, 2009). Severin et al used five strains including four Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli WP2uvrapKM101 to test the genotoxicity of HMF and found no genotoxic potential of HMF at the highest concentration (5000μg/plate) (Severin et al, 2010). They also tested the genotoxicity of HMF by hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and found that HMF induced DNA damage at concentrations from 7.87 to 25 mM in comet assay (Severin et al, 2010).…”

“…Severin et al used five strains including four Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli WP2uvrapKM101 to test the genotoxicity of HMF and found no genotoxic potential of HMF at the highest concentration (5000μg/plate) (Severin et al, 2010). They also tested the genotoxicity of HMF by hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and found that HMF induced DNA damage at concentrations from 7.87 to 25 mM in comet assay (Severin et al, 2010). The discrepancy between these results may be attributed to the involvement of SULT1A1 in HepG2 cells.…”