“…Indeed, in the last few years nanostructured materials, such as noble metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, and magnetic nanoparticles, have been employed in a broad spectrum of highly innovative approaches for assays of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids biomarkers, bacteria and other species [3,4,7,9,12,14]. In addition to the large surface-to-volume ratio that favours miniaturization, nanoparticles possess unique optical, electronic and magnetic properties depending on their core materials [2].…”