Genoproteomics-assisted improvement ofAndrographis paniculata: toward a promising molecular and conventional breeding platform for autogamous plants affecting the pharmaceutical industry

Abstract

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees. (AP) is a hermaphroditic, self-compatible, and habitual inbreeding plant. Its main bioactive component is andrographolide, which is capable of inducing autophagic cell death in some human cancer cells and helps fight HIV/AIDS. Increasing the andrographolide content by investigating the genetic mechanisms controlling its biosynthesis in order to improve and develop high-yielding cultivars are the main breeding targets for AP. However, there might exist some limitations or barriers for crossability within AP accessions. Recently, this problem was addressed in AP by using a combination of crossbreeding and biotechnology-aided genetic methods. This review emphasizes that development of a breeding platform in a hard-to-breed plant, such as AP, requires the involvement of a broad range of methods from classical genetics to molecular breeding. To this end, a phenological stage (for example, flowering and stigma development) can be simplified to a quantitative morphological trait (for example, bud or stigma length) to be used as an index to express the highest level of receptivity in order to manage outcrossing. The outcomes of the basic crossability research can be then employed in diallel mating and crossbreeding. This review explains how genomic data could produce useful information regarding genetic distance and its influence on the crossability of AP accessions. Our review indicates that co-dominant DNA markers, such as microsatellites, are also capable of resolving the evolutionary pathway and cryptic features of plant populations and such information can be used to select the best breeding strategy. This review also highlights the importance of proteomic analysis as a breeding tool. In this regard, protein diversification, as well as the impact of normal and stress-responsive proteins on morphometric and physiological behaviors, could be used in breeding programs. These findings have immense potential for improving plant production and, therefore, can be regarded as prospective breeding platforms for medicinal plants that have an autogamous mode of reproduction. Finally, this review suggests that novel site-directed genome editing approaches such as TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease) systems together with other new plant breeding technologies (NPBT) should simultaneously be taken into consideration for improvement of pharmaceutical plants.

Novel microbial transformation of Andrographis paniculata by Aspergillus oryzae K1A

“…Structural analysis of andrographolide derivatives showed that various enzymatic reactions occur during biotransformation such as enzymatic hydrolyzation, hydroxylation, oxidation, glycosylation, epoxidation, and elimination (Wang et al 2011). A. paniculata leaf contains proteins 1,144 mg/g (Valdiani et al 2017) and alkaloid (Harmine), an indole alkaloid in the Carboline group (Kurzawa et al 2015) which is easily bound with other compounds and synthesized in a newly formed derivative molecular structure (Laine et al 2014).…”

Molecular dissection of novel anthocyanin transcripts HsCHS and HsF3H from the calyx tissue of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

“…The genomic and breeding aspects of roselle plant should be taken into further consideration in future. Reportedly, a similar trend in Malaysia, including marker development (Valdiani et al 2013) and intra-specific hybridization (Valdiani et al 2012), has led to developing functional breeding platforms for medicinal plants such as Andrographis paniculata (Valdiani et al 2017).…”

The plant microbiome as a resource to increase crop productivity and soil resilience: A systems approach

“…Improved nutrient content and WP can be accomplished by breeding water/nutrient -efficient crops. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) along with internationally recognized academic breeding centers has established a solid platform for WP breeding (Dwivedi, Britt et al 2015;Ortiz 2015;Lobos, Camargo et al 2017;Valdiani, Talei et al 2017). Selected genotypes are better suited to cope with environmental fluctuations and extremes such as drought and heat spells.…”

“…Selected genotypes are better suited to cope with environmental fluctuations and extremes such as drought and heat spells. Whole-genome prediction models estimate all marker effects in all loci and capture small quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping effects are applied have resulted in impressive advances and became routine in agricultural breeding (Dwivedi, Britt et al 2015;Ortiz 2015;Lobos, Camargo et al 2017;Valdiani, Talei et al 2017). At the phenotype level, improved agricultural techniques and novel highthroughput selection systems are being developed to enable rapid pre-field screening for specific traits.…”