“…Despite the significance of these findings, the majority of empirical studies to date have used student self-reported metrics to assess participants’ attitudinal, motivational, and skills-based outcomes as a result of participation in CUREs (e.g., CURE survey; see Lopatto et al , 2008; described also in Corwin et al , 2015), and few, if any, have provided a comparative account of traditional versus CURE student outcomes within nonvolunteer laboratory courses at the introductory level (Spell et al , 2014; Makarevitch et al , 2015). Consequently, recent research indicates that these practices, which likewise include the use of unpublished or nonvalidated instruments within reported studies (Beck et al , 2014), recruitment bias (Brownell et al , 2013; Corwin et al , 2015), and overestimation of learning and aptitude within student self-reported data sets (Boud and Falchikov, 1989; Falchikov and Boud, 1989), make it difficult to discern the true extent to which CUREs impact cognitive and noncognitive student attributes.…”