Genomic heterogeneity in the yeast Candida parapsilosis

Lott, Timothy J.; Kuykendall, Randall J.; Welbel, Sharon F.; Pramanik, Arun K.; Lasker, Brent A.

doi:10.1007/bf00312635

Cited by 73 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We have extended the observations of Lott et al (1993) and Enger et al (2001) that phenotypic switching occurs in C. parapsilosis. We identify four core phenotypes, three of which are similar to those described by Enger et al (2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Switching between variant colony morphologies in C. parapsilosis was first described by Lott et al (1993) Fig. 1).…”

Section: Identification Of Colony Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Switching between heritable colony phenotypes has been described in C. albicans (Slutsky et al, 1985;Soll et al, 1993) and C. parapsilosis (Enger et al, 2001;Lott et al, 1993). In C. albicans, some phenotypes adhere differentially to mammalian cells (Vargas et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis

2005

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Generation of biofilms by the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis is correlated closely with disease. The phenomenon of phenotype switching in 20 isolates of C. parapsilosis was examined and the relationship with biofilm development was investigated. Four stable and heritable phenotypes were identified -crepe, concentric, smooth and crater. Cells from crepe and concentric phenotypes are almost entirely pseudohyphal, whilst cells from smooth and crater phenotypes are mostly yeast-like. The pseudohyphae from concentric phenotypes are approximately 45 % wider than those from crepe cells. The cell size of the smooth phenotype is smaller than those of the other three phenotypes. On polystyrene surfaces, the concentric phenotype generates up to twofold more biofilm than the crepe and crater phenotypes. Smooth phenotypes generate the least biofilm. Concentric phenotypes also invade agar surfaces more than the crepe and crater phenotypes, whilst smooth phenotypes do not invade at all. The smooth phenotype, however, grows significantly faster than the others. The quorum-sensing molecule farnesol inhibits formation of biofilms by the crepe, concentric and crater phenotypes. INTRODUCTIONThe yeast Candida parapsilosis is found frequently as a commensal organism on epithelial and mucosal tissues, but it is also an increasing cause of hospital-acquired infection (Weems, 1992). Although C. parapsilosis is responsible for approximately 16 % of general Candida infections, it is a particular problem in critically ill neonates (Hajjeh et al., 2004;Pfaller & Diekema, 2004;Roilides et al., 2004). Fungaemia caused by C. parapsilosis is associated with the presence of catheters and the use of parenteral nutrition (Shin et al., 2002). This is probably due to the ability of the yeast to grow as biofilms, especially in highglucose environments (Branchini et al., 1994). Biofilms are inherently resistant to treatment with antifungal drugs and the infected device must usually be removed.Formation of biofilms by organisms growing in association with a surface is a very common phenomenon among yeast and bacterial species (Hall-Stoodley et al., 2004;Jabra-Rizk et al., 2004). In yeast, the most detailed descriptions of biofilm structure come from studies on Candida albicans (Baillie & Douglas, 1999; Chandra et al., 2001;Hawser & Douglas, 1994;Kumamoto, 2002;Shin et al., 2002). In general, a layer of cells in the yeast form is found attached to the surface, with a layer of filamentous cells above, surrounded by an exopolymeric matrix (Kumamoto, 2002). Cells in biofilms are associated with a specific geneexpression pattern, including the overexpression of amino acid biosynthetic genes, particularly those for amino acids containing sulfur (García-Sánchez et al., 2004). Biofilm growth requires activation of the filamentation pathway and mutants defective in regulators of filamentation, such as efg1 and cph1, are unable to form biofilms (Ramage et al., 2002b). C. parapsilosis is not capable of forming true filaments and biofilms are often composed...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Switching between variant colony morphologies in C. parapsilosis was first described by Lott et al (1993) Fig. 1).…”

Section: Identification Of Colony Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis

2005

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“…In contrast with C. dubliniensis, several recent studies have demonstrated a wide degree of genetic heterogeneity within C. parapsilosis [37,59,70,96,97]. Two such studies-mploying RAPD analysis, isoenzyme profile analysis and nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS 1 internally transcribed spacer sequences flanking the 5.8s RNA gene-have detected three distinct groups among C. parapsilosis clinical isolates [37,97].…”

Section: Application Of Molecular Techniques To Resolving Anomalies Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular genetic approaches to identification, epidemiology and taxonomy of non-albicans Candida species

Sullivan

Henman²,

Moran³

et al. 1996

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The reported incidence of fungal infections associated with non-albicans species from the Candida genus is increasing. Most of these infections occur in immunocompromised patients, particularly those infected with HW. The role of molecular genetic techniques alongside the existing techniques for the identification and typing of these organisms is discussed. Species-specific genomic DNA fragments cloned from C. tropicalis and C. krusei have been developed for identification and strain typing. Analysis of tRNA profiles has been shown to be effective for the identification of C. glabrats, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. A PCR method employing primers complimentary to large ribosomal subunit genes and the lanosterol-a-demethylase gene has been applied for several species, including C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis.Strain typing by comparison of genomic DNA fingerprints has been demonstrated for C. tropicalis and C. krusei following hybridisation analysis with species-specific probes. Synthetic oligonucleotide probes-which do not have to be species-specific and which can detect minor polymorphisms-have also been used for strain typing of isolates of several non-albicans species. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has also been used for analysis of C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae and C. tropicalis isolates. The potential for the application of these and other techniques to Candida spp. taxonomyand the example of a recently discovered novel species, C. dublidensis-is discussed.

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“…Several recent surveys have described genetic and/or genomic heterogeneity among C. parapsilosis isolates (Lott et al, 1993;Branchini et al, 1994;Cassone et al, 1995;Pfaller et al, 1995;De Bernardis et al, 1999). Data from DNA-DNA reassociation, restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) and isoenzyme profiling suggest that the form species C. parapsilosis consists of the three variant groups that may even represent three distinct species (Lin et al, 1995;Roy & Meyer, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear versus circular mitochondrial genomes: intraspecies variability of mitochondrial genome architecture in Candida parapsilosis

et al. 2004

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The yeast species Candida parapsilosis, an opportunistic pathogen, exhibits genetic and genomic heterogeneity. To assess the polymorphism at the level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the organization of the mitochondrial genome in strains belonging to the three variant groups of this species was investigated. Although these analyses revealed a group-specific restriction fragment pattern of mtDNA, strains belonging to different groups appear to have similar genes in the same gene order. An extensive survey of C. parapsilosis isolates uncovered surprising alterations in the molecular architecture of their mitochondrial genome. A screening strategy for strains harbouring mtDNA with rearranged architecture showed that nearly all strains from groups I and III possess linear mtDNA molecules terminating with arrays of tandem repeat units, while most of the group II strains have a circular mitochondrial genome. In addition, it was found that linear genophores in mitochondria of strains from different groups differ in the sequence of the mitochondrial telomeric repeat unit. The occurrence of altered forms of mtDNA among C. parapsilosis strains opens up the unique possibility to address questions concerning the evolutionary origin and replication strategy of linear and circular genomes in mitochondria.

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Genomic heterogeneity in the yeast Candida parapsilosis

Cited by 73 publications

References 19 publications

Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis

Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis

Molecular genetic approaches to identification, epidemiology and taxonomy of non-albicans Candida species

Linear versus circular mitochondrial genomes: intraspecies variability of mitochondrial genome architecture in Candida parapsilosis

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