Genomic Features of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs with Pyoderma in Argentina and the United States: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common opportunistic pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance (MRSP) has been identified as an emerging problem in canine pyoderma. Here, we evaluated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) features and phylogeny of S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine pyoderma cases in Argentina (n = 29) and the United States (n = 29). 62% of isolates showed multi-drug resistance. The AMR genes found: mecA, blaZ, ermB, dfrG, catA, tetM, aac(6′)-aph(2″), in addition to tetK and lnuA (only found in U.S. isolates). Two point mutations were detected: grlA(S80I)-gyrA(S84L), and grlA(D84N)-gyrA(S84L) in one U.S. isolate. A mutation in rpoB (H481N) was found in two isolates from Argentina. SCCmec type III, SCCmec type V, ΨSCCmec57395 were identified in the Argentinian isolates; and SCCmec type III, SCCmec type IVg, SCCmec type V, and SCCmec type VII variant in the U.S. cohort. Sequence type (ST) ST71 belonging to a dominant clone was found in isolates from both countries, and ST45 only in Argentinian isolates. This is the first study to comparatively analyze the population structure of canine pyoderma-associated S. pseudintermedius isolates in Argentina and in the U.S. It is important to maintain surveillance on S. pseudintermedius populations to monitor AMR and gain further understanding of its evolution and dissemination.

Methicillin Resistance Elements in the Canine Pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Their Association with the Peptide Toxin PSM-mec

“…For instance, remains of a Type I R-M system (i.e., a truncated hsdR gene and no hsdM or hsdS genes), followed by a Type IIIA CRISPR-Cas complex, genes for a Type II R-M system (with a truncated methylase gene), and a heavy metal resistance gene (Figures 1 and 2) were observed in the ST68/Agr group IV SCCmec elements. The entire SCCmec element showed an architecture similar to that of recently published whole-genome sequences of V T isolates from Australia and Argentina [16,18], with a 98-99% sequence identity to SCCmec V T of an isolate from Ireland (ERR175868) [55] and the South Korean isolate Z0118SP0108 (CP061030.1). Variances in the number of direct repeats (DRs) (n = 5-18) found in CRISPR array 1, as well as the presence or absence of a second CRISPR array (always with 4 DRs) located immediately downstream of cas6 in some isolates, accounted for sequence differences.…”

“…elements. The entire SCCmec element showed an architecture similar to that of recently published whole-genome sequences of VT isolates from Australia and Argentina [16,18], with a 98-99% sequence identity to SCCmec VT of an isolate from Ireland (ERR175868) [55] and the South Korean isolate Z0118SP0108 (CP061030.1). Variances in the number of direct repeats (DRs) (n = 5-18) found in CRISPR array 1, as well as the presence or absence of a second CRISPR array (always with 4 DRs) located immediately downstream of cas6 in some isolates, accounted for sequence differences.…”

“…A classification system originally established to distinguish S. aureus SCCmec elements is based on permutations, gene variants, and the presence or absence of genes [11,12]. However, the recent molecular typing and characterization of SCCmec elements from staphylococcal species other than S. aureus have reported exceedingly complex compositions that do not conform to the original typing scheme, for which S. pseudintermedius is an excellent example [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. In such instances, the use of SCCmec followed by the name of the strain has been proposed [11].…”

In vitro activity of selected antimicrobials against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin in Poland

“…Resistance to clindamycin is also widespread in the world, reported in 66% of MRSP in the Netherlands and even 97% in Japan (Kasai et al, 2916;Wegener et al 2018). Tetracycline resistance in MRSP from the UK, Italy and Brazil is typically found in approximately 70% of the isolates, whereas only in 20% of MRSP in Argentine (Hritcu et al, 2020;Menadro, et al, 2019;Pires Dos Santos et al, 2016;Srednik et al 2023). MRSP from different parts of the world are usually resistant to fluoroquinolones;…”

“…Tetracycline resistance in MRSP from the UK, Italy and Brazil is typically found in approximately 70% of the isolates, whereas only in 20% of MRSP in Argentine (Hritcu et al., 2020 ; Menadro, et al., 2019 ; Pires Dos Santos et al., 2016 ; Srednik et al. 2023 ). MRSP from different parts of the world are usually resistant to fluoroquinolones; resistance levels can vary from 52% of the isolates in the UK to even 97.6% in Slovenia and 98% in Japan (Hritcu et al., 2020 ; Menadro et al., 2019 ; Papić et al., 2021 ).…”