Genomic Feature Analysis of Betacoronavirus Provides Insights Into SARS and COVID-19 Pandemics

Li, Xin; Jia, Chang; Chen, Shunmei; Wang, Liangge; Yau, Tung On; Zhao, Qiang; Hong, Zhangyong; Ruan, Jishou; Duan, Guangyou; Gao, Shan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.614494

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…SARS-CoV-2 has very large, single-stranded, 26-32 kb RNA [8,9]. The sequence of nucleotides in RNA determines the sequence of four structural proteins-spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and envelope (E)-which are very important components of this betacoronavirus [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review

Gudowska-Sawczuk

Mroczko

2021

JCM

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), discovered in 2019, is responsible for the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The main protein that interacts with the host cell receptor is the Spike-1 (S1) subunit of the coronavirus. This subunit binds with receptors present on the host cell membrane. It has been identified from several studies that neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is one of the co-receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the significance of NRP-1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDLINE/PubMed database was used for a search of available literature. In the current review, we report that NRP-1 plays many important functions, including angiogenesis, neuronal development, and the regulation of immune responses. Additionally, the presence of this glycoprotein on the host cell membrane significantly augments the infection and spread of SARS-CoV-2. Literature data suggest that NRP-1 facilitates entry of the virus into the central nervous system through the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Moreover, published findings show that interfering with VEGF-A/NRP-1 using NRP-1 inhibitors may produce an analgesic effect. The review describes an association between NRP-1, SARS-CoV-2 and, inter alia, pathological changes in the retina. Based on the published findings, we suggest that NRP-1 is a very important mediator implicated in, inter alia, neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it appears that the use of NRP-1 inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review

Gudowska-Sawczuk

Mroczko

2021

JCM

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“…4 In genomic sequences, SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically close to, but also distinct from, SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. 6 They share the same receptor and cause similar diseases, which suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is flexible enough to change its genomes. Therefore, the emergence of vaccine-escape variants of SARS-CoV-2 is likely unavoidable, if their transmissions are only partially blocked by vaccination.…”

Section: The Current Situations and Future Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In genomic sequences, SARS‐CoV‐2 is phylogenetically close to, but also distinct from, SARS‐CoV‐1, the virus causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 6 . They share the same receptor and cause similar diseases, which suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 is flexible enough to change its genomes.…”

Section: The Current Situations and Future Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the COVID‐19 pandemic, SARS‐CoV‐2 should cause much fewer deaths annually due to increased human herd immunity against the virus 10 . However, variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 could cause seasonal COVID‐19 outbreaks, which could be parallel to seasonal influenza in severity and a little severer than the common cold, due to the intrinsic pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2 6,7 . Therefore, seasonal COVID‐19 could cause annually over 200 000 deaths, even if some people are vaccinated with partially efficacious COVID‐19 vaccines, parallel to the fact that seasonal influenza annually causes 290 000−650 000 deaths, 8 even if some people are vaccinated with partially efficacious influenza vaccines.…”

Section: The Current Situations and Future Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should the world collaborate imminently to develop neglected live‐attenuated vaccines for COVID‐19?

Chen

2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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The rapid spread of the Delta variant suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 will likely be rampant for months or years and could claim millions of more lives. All the known vaccines cannot well defeat SARS‐CoV‐2 due to their limited efficacy and production efficiency, except for the neglected live‐attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which could have a much higher efficacy and much higher production efficiency than other vaccines. LAVs, like messiahs, have defeated far more pathogenic viruses than other vaccines in history, and most current human vaccines for viral diseases are safe LAVs. LAVs can block completely infection and transmission of relevant viruses and their variants. They can hence inhibit the emergence of vaccine‐escape and virulence‐enhancing variants and protect immunologically abnormal individuals better in general. The safety of COVID‐19 LAVs, which could save millions of more lives, can be solidly guaranteed through animal experiments and clinical trials. The safety of COVID‐19 LAVs could be greatly enhanced with intramuscular or oral administration, or administration along with humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Together, extensive global collaboration, which can greatly accelerate the development of safe COVID‐19 LAVs, is imminently needed.

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“…In the last two decades, the importance of MHV has increased based on its similarity to the SARS-associated coronaviruses. A phylogenic study revealed that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the genus Betacoronavirus lineage b, MERS-CoV lineage c, and MHV to lineage a [ 20 , 21 ]. This places MHV as a more evolutionarily related virus to the SARS-associated coronaviruses than other potential surrogates such as human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus, or transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which are alphacoronaviruses belonging to lineages b, a, and a, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Protocols for the Propagation and Quantification of Infectious Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-A59) Using NCTC Clone 1469 and 929 Cells

Shuipys

Montazeri

2022

MPs

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Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a non-human pathogen betacoronavirus that is evolutionarily and structurally related to the human pathogenic viruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. However, unlike the human SARS and MERS viruses, MHV requires a biosafety level 2 laboratory for propagating and safe handling, making it a potentially suitable surrogate virus. Despite this utility, few papers discussed the propagation and quantification of MHV using cell lines readily available in biorepositories making their implementations not easily reproducible. This article provides protocols for propagating and quantifying MHV-A59 using the recommended NCTC clone 1469 and clone 929 cell lines from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). More specifically, the methods detail reviving cells, routine cell passaging, preparing freeze stocks, infection of NCTC clone 1469 with MHV and subsequent harvesting, and plaque assay quantification of MHV using NCTC clone 929 cells. Using these protocols, a BSL-2 laboratory equipped for cell culture work would generate at least 6.0 log plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL of MHV lysate and provide an optimized overlay assay using either methylcellulose or agarose as overlays for the titration of infectious virus particles. The protocols described here are intended to be utilized for persistence and inactivation studies of coronaviruses.

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Genomic Feature Analysis of Betacoronavirus Provides Insights Into SARS and COVID-19 Pandemics

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review

The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review

Should the world collaborate imminently to develop neglected live‐attenuated vaccines for COVID‐19?

Optimized Protocols for the Propagation and Quantification of Infectious Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-A59) Using NCTC Clone 1469 and 929 Cells

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