Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, Plasmidome, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Small Specialty Crop Farms Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Bhandari, Menuka; Poelstra, Jelmer W.; Kauffman, Michael; Varghese, Binta; Helmy, Yosra A.; Scaria, Joy; Rajashekara, Gireesh

doi:10.3390/antibiotics12111637

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…In the past, chloramphenicol was utilized for treating Salmonella infections. The preferred antibiotic choices include ampicillin, third-generation quinolones such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, third generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone, and macrolides [230]. Unfortunately, bacterial resistance to these important antibiotics has been growing, posing a challenge to effective treatment [231].…”

Section: Antibiotics Used For Salmonella Treatment and Antimicrobial ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Lamichhane,

Mawad,

Saleh

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen’s epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.

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Section: Antibiotics Used For Salmonella Treatment and Antimicrobial ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Lamichhane,

Mawad,

Saleh

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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“…S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar plates, and results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [80,81]. The AST was performed as previously reported [33] using 16 different antimicrobial disks (Oxoid, UK) belonging to 10 different antimicrobial categories including Penicillins: ampicillin (AMP, 10 µg); Tetracyclines: tetracycline (TE, 30 µg); Non-extended spectrum cephalosporins: cefuroxime (CXM, 30 µg); Extended-spectrum cephalosporins: ceftriaxone (CTR, 30 µg), ceftazidime (CAZ, 30 µg), cefotaxime (CTX, 30 µg); Quinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 µg), nalidixic acid (NA, 30 µg); Macrolides: azithromycin (AZM, 15 µg); Folate pathway antagonists: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (COT, 1.25/23.75 µg); Aminoglycosides: gentamicin (GEN, 10 µg), amikacin (AK, 30 µg); Monobactams: aztreonam (AT, 30 µg); Carbapenems: meropenem (MEM, 10 µg), imipenem (IMP, 10 µg); Phenicols: chloramphenicol (CL, 30 µg).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Ast)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Raw Meat in Retail Markets

Rahman,

Hossain,

Chowdhury

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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In the present study, a total of 720 samples were collected from retail raw meat from 13 upazilas in Sylhet District, Bangladesh, of which 225 samples were from cattle meat, 210 samples were from goat meat, and 285 samples were from chicken meat. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes using multiplex PCR. Among the 720 samples, Salmonella spp. was detected in 28.06% (202 out of 720) of the samples, with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were identified in 11.53% (83 out of 720) and 12.22% (88 out of 720) of the samples, respectively. It was found that all Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from cattle meat displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Notably, a significant proportion of S. Enteritidis isolates and all S. Typhimurium isolates from goat meat demonstrated complete resistance to multiple drugs (ampicillin, cefuroxime, and ceftazidime). Regarding chicken meat, out of 89 isolates encompassing both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, 57 isolates (64.04%) exhibited MDR. Additionally, blaCTX-M-1 exhibited the highest occurrence at 15.69% for S. Typhimurium and 7.89% for S. Enteritidis in chicken meat. Moreover, blaCTX-M-9 was only detected at 3.92% for S. Enteritidis in chicken meat. Furthermore, blaOXA had the highest prevalence rate of 19.04% for S. Enteritidis and 25.80% for S. Typhimurium in cattle meat, followed by chicken meat. These findings highlight the urgency for monitoring ESBL-producing Salmonella in retail raw meat and the need for strict measure to manage antibiotic use to prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella strains, thereby protecting humans and reducing public health risks.

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Gram-positive bacteria are primed for surviving lethal doses of antibiotics and chemical stress

Guha,

Singh,

Butzin

2024

Preprint

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Antibiotic resistance kills millions worldwide yearly. However, a major contributor to recurrent infections lies in a small fraction of bacterial cells, known as persisters. These cells are not inherently antibiotic-resistant, yet they lead to increased antibiotic usage, raising the risk of developing resistant progenies. In a bacterial population, individual cells exhibit considerable fluctuations in their gene expression levels despite being cultivated under identical, stable conditions. This variability in cell-to-cell characteristics (phenotypic diversity) within an isogenic population enables persister cells to withstand antibiotic exposure by entering a non-dividing state. We recently showed the existence of “primed cells” in E. coli. Primed cells are dividing cells prepared for antibiotic stress before encountering it and are more prone to form persisters. They also pass their “prepared state” down for several generations through epigenetic memory. Here, we show that primed cells are common among distant bacterial lineages, allowing for survival against antibiotics and other chemical stress, and form in different growth phases. They are also responsible for increased persister levels in transition and stationary phases compared to the log phase. We tested and showed that the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium, evolutionarily very distant from E. coli, forms primed cells and has a transient epigenetic memory that is maintained for 7 generations or more. We showed this using ciprofloxacin and the non-antibiotic chemical stress fluoride. It is well established that persister levels are higher in the stationary phase than in the log phase, and B. megaterium persisters levels are nearly identical from the early to late-log phase but are ∼2-fold and ∼4-fold higher in the transition and stationary phase, respectively. It was previously proposed that there are two distinct types of persisters: Type II forms in the log phase, while Type I forms in the stationary phase. However, we show that primed cells lead to increased persisters in the transition and stationary phase and found no evidence of Type I or II persisters with distant phenotypes. Overall, we have provided substantial evidence of the importance of primed cells and their transitory epigenetic memories to surviving stress.TeaserPrimed cells are prepared before lethal antibiotic treatment in all growth phases, giving them a better chance of survival.

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Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, Plasmidome, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Small Specialty Crop Farms Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Cited by 4 publications

References 117 publications

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Raw Meat in Retail Markets

Gram-positive bacteria are primed for surviving lethal doses of antibiotics and chemical stress

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