Genomic Characterization Reveals Insights Into Patulin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in <i>Penicillium</i> Species

Li, Boqiang; Zong, Yuanyuan; Du, Zhenglin; Chen, Yong; Zhang, Zhanquan; Qin, Guozheng; Zhao, Wenming; Tian, Shiping

doi:10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0398-fi

Cited by 152 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…First, we observed that the absence of the patL gene in P. expansum caused a total abolition of expression of all the genes within the cluster, and no patulin was produced, as shown previously by Li et al . (). In addition, the present study included the complemented PeΔ patL : patL strain which strengthened the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Patulin is a cultivar‐dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum

Snini

Tannous

Heuillard

et al. 2015

Molecular Plant Pathology

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The blue mould decay of apples is caused by Penicillium expansum and is associated with contamination by patulin, a worldwide regulated mycotoxin. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes (patA-patO) involved in patulin biosynthesis was identified in P. expansum. blast analysis revealed that patL encodes a Cys6 zinc finger regulatory factor. The deletion of patL caused a drastic decrease in the expression of all pat genes, leading to an absence of patulin production. Pathogenicity studies performed on 13 apple varieties indicated that the PeΔpatL strain could still infect apples, but the intensity of symptoms was weaker compared with the wild-type strain. A lower growth rate was observed in the PeΔpatL strain when this strain was grown on nine of the 13 apple varieties tested. In the complemented PeΔpatL:patL strain, the ability to grow normally in apple and the production of patulin were restored. Our results clearly demonstrate that patulin is not indispensable in the initiation of the disease, but acts as a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor for P. expansum. This conclusion was strengthened by the fact that the addition of patulin to apple infected by the PeΔpatL mutant restored the normal fungal colonization in apple.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Patulin is a cultivar‐dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum

Snini

Tannous

Heuillard

et al. 2015

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…The assessment of the role of PAT in the interaction between apple and P. expansum is beyond the scope of the present study. However, this role has recently been a matter of debate (Sanzani et al, 2012; Barad et al, 2014; Ballester et al, 2015; Li et al, 2015). Our results seem to suggest that PAT could be involved in the aggressiveness of P. expansum (defined as the disease incidence and development of symptoms rather than the fungal biomass growth).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocontrol Agents Increase the Specific Rate of Patulin Production by Penicillium expansum but Decrease the Disease and Total Patulin Contamination of Apples

et al. 2017

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Synthetic fungicides are commonly employed for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits. However, due to health concerns about the use of these chemicals, alternative control methods including biocontrol based on antagonistic yeasts are gaining in popularity. In this study, we investigated the effects of two biocontrol yeasts, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain 3617 and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae strain LS11, on blue mold and patulin (PAT) contamination caused by Penicillium expansum strains PY and FS7 in artificially inoculated Fuji apples stored at 20°C for 9 days. To correlate the development of the P. expansum strains in yeast-treated and untreated apples with PAT production, we quantified their biomass in the infected fruits using a recently published quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method based on specific primers for patF, a gene from P. expansum that is involved in PAT biosynthesis. Both yeasts significantly reduced the disease incidence caused by the two strains of P. expansum up to 5–7 days of incubation, and lowered their biomass and the progression of symptoms up to 9 days. Interestingly, both yeasts strains increased the rate of PAT production (expressed as ng patulin/μg fungal DNA) by the two pathogenic strains. Nevertheless, both biocontrol agents reduced the total PAT contamination, especially in the case of P. expansum strain FS7, the higher PAT producer of the two tested P. expansum strains. Comparing between the yeast strains, R. kratochvilovae LS11 was more effective than R. mucilaginosa 3617 for the control of P. expansum.

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“…The biosynthesis of patulin, starting from 6-methyl salicylic acid is well known (Barad et al, 2016c;Birch et al, 1955;Bu'Lock and Ryan 1958;Dimroth et al, 1976;Forrester and Gaucher, 1972a,b;Priest, 1989;Puel et al, 2010;Scott et al, 1971Scott et al, , 1972Sekiguchi, 1983;Sekiguchi and Gaucher, 1978;Tanenbaum and Bassett, 1959), and the gene cluster for patulin has been found in different producing filamentous fungi (Ballester et al, 2015;Barad et al, 2016c;Dombrink-Kurtzman, 2007;Li et al, 2015;Nielsen et al, 2017;Puel et al, 2010;Snini et al, 2014;Tannous et al, 2014). The role of patulin itself in the fruit infection process has not been fully elucidated (Barad et al, 2016a,b), but it has been suggested that accumulation of both gluconic acid and patulin (Barad et al, 2012(Barad et al, , 2014(Barad et al, , 2016aSnini et al, 2015) will make Penicillium expansum a more aggressive post-harvest pathogen.…”

Section: Patulin and Producing Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

Frisvad

2018

WMJ

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A very large number of filamentous fungi has been reported to produce the small lactone mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. Among the 167 reported fungal producers of patulin, only production by 29 species could be confirmed. Patulin is produced by 3 Aspergillus species, 3 Paecilomyces species, 22 Penicillium species from 7 sections of Penicillium, and one Xylaria species. Among 101 reported producers of penicillic acid, 48 species could produce this mycotoxin. Penicillic acid is produced by 23 species in section Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, by Malbranchea aurantiaca and by 24 Penicillium species from 9 sections in Penicillium and one species that does not actually belong to Penicillium (P. megasporum). Among 40 reported producers of moniliformin, five species have been regarded as doubtful producers of this mycotoxin or are now regarded as taxonomic synonyms. Moniliformin is produced by 34 Fusarium species and one Penicillium species. All the accepted producers of patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin were revised according to the new one fungus – one name nomenclatural system, and the most recently accepted taxonomy of the species.

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Genomic Characterization Reveals Insights Into Patulin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Penicillium Species

Cited by 152 publications

References 63 publications

Patulin is a cultivar‐dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum

Patulin is a cultivar‐dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum

Biocontrol Agents Increase the Specific Rate of Patulin Production by Penicillium expansum but Decrease the Disease and Total Patulin Contamination of Apples

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

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