Genomic and physiological variability within Group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum

Stringer, Sandra C.; Carter, Andrew T.; Webb, Martin D.; Wachnicka, Ewelina; Crossman, Lisa; Sebaihia, Mohammed; Peck, Michael W.

doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-333

Cited by 51 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…2). These data confirm and extend reports by several groups which showed that genetic and/or genomic diversity of C. botulinum group II strains formed two distinct subpopulations (11,22,23).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, three isolates (BE0211E1, BE0211E2, and BE0211E3) from a food sample (beluga) collected during a 2002 foodborne botulism outbreak in Kuujjuaq (outbreak 30) originally tested positive for BoNT/E using the mouse bioassay (Table 1 and data not shown). It is possible that these isolates have lost their neurotoxin genes, as reported for other group II C. botulinum strains (22,36).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Several nucleic acid-based typing methods, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarrays, and sequence analysis of the bont gene and the flagellin gene variable region (flaVR), have all been used for genetic characterization of C. botulinum group II strains (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data

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et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Clostridium botulinum group II isolates (n ‫؍‬ 163) from different geographic regions, outbreaks, and neurotoxin types and subtypes were characterized in silico using whole-genome sequence data. Two clusters representing a variety of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) types and subtypes were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. While one cluster included BoNT/B4/F6/E9 and nontoxigenic members, the other comprised a wide variety of different BoNT/E subtype isolates and a nontoxigenic strain. In silico MLST and core SNP methods were consistent in terms of clade-level isolate classification; however, core SNP analysis showed higher resolution capability. Furthermore, core SNP analysis correctly distinguished isolates by outbreak and location. This study illustrated the utility of next-generation sequence-based typing approaches for isolate characterization and source attribution and identified discrete SNP loci and MLST alleles for isolate comparison. Clostridium botulinum is a group of spore-forming bacteria that produce botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), potent neurotoxins that cause botulism in humans and animals (1). There are six phylogenetically distinct classes of clostridia that produce seven BoNT serotypes (A to G). Group I (proteolytic) C. botulinum organisms produce monovalent, and occasionally bivalent, BoNTs of serotypes A, B, and F, while group II (nonproteolytic) C. botulinum organisms produce monovalent B, E, or F toxins. BoNT types C and D are produced by group III C. botulinum, and type G is produced by group IV C. argentinense. Botulinogenic C. butyricum (BoNT/E) and C. baratii (BoNT/F) have also been described (2, 3).Human botulism in northern Canada and Alaska is frequently associated with the consumption of high-risk traditional native foods, especially aged marine mammal products, and a prevalence of C. botulinum group II spores in the environment (4-10). BoNT type E is the most frequent serotype associated with foodborne botulism in Canada and accounts for 86% of all laboratoryconfirmed foodborne botulism outbreaks occurring between 1985 and 2005 (n ϭ 205) (6). In addition, C. botulinum group II BoNT/E strains are of particular concern for waterfowl health. Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey estimate that BoNT/E botulism outbreaks have killed up to 100,000 birds in and around the Great Lakes since 2000 (http://cida.usgs.gov/glri/#/Browse /fahw/539773f8e4b0f7580bc0b420).While the mouse bioassay remains the "gold standard" for laboratory confirmation of BoNT detection, this method offers limited ability for toxin or strain characterization beyond serotype. Several nucleic acid-based typing methods, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarrays, and sequence analysis of the bont gene and the flagellin gene variable region (flaVR), have all been ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data

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Hayden

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…C. botulinum E strain was isolated from a home-cured ham, and it was speculated that the contamination could have occurred from the seasoning, possibly sea salt, since other products (sausage and bacon) from the same pig were not contaminated (30). Since strain 84-10 shows a different subtype and MLST profile from strains isolated from fish and marine animals (8,13,31), it could represent a particular C. botulinum variant adapted to a specific environment or a specific host, such as pigs.…”

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An Atypical Outbreak of Food-Borne Botulism Due to Clostridium botulinum Types B and E from Ham

et al. 2015

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“…enomic epidemiology has provided novel insights into the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic diversity of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium species (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”

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Genomic Epidemiology of Clostridium botulinum Isolates from Temporally Related Cases of Infant Botulism in New South Wales, Australia

et al. 2015

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dInfant botulism is a potentially life-threatening paralytic disease that can be associated with prolonged morbidity if not rapidly diagnosed and treated. Four infants were diagnosed and treated for infant botulism in NSW, Australia, between May 2011 and August 2013. Despite the temporal relationship between the cases, there was no close geographical clustering or other epidemiological links. Clostridium botulinum isolates, three of which produced botulism neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) and one BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B), were characterized using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) found that two of the BoNT/A-producing isolates shared an identical novel sequence type, ST84. The other two isolates were single-locus variants of this sequence type (ST85 and ST86). All BoNT/A-producing isolates contained the same chromosomally integrated BoNT/A2 neurotoxin gene cluster. The BoNT/B-producing isolate carried a single plasmid-borne bont/B gene cluster, encoding BoNT subtype B6. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based typing results corresponded well with MLST; however, the extra resolution provided by the whole-genome SNP comparisons showed that the isolates differed from each other by >3,500 SNPs. WGS analyses indicated that the four infant botulism cases were caused by genomically distinct strains of C. botulinum that were unlikely to have originated from a common environmental source. The isolates did, however, cluster together, compared with international isolates, suggesting that C. botulinum from environmental reservoirs throughout NSW have descended from a common ancestor. Analyses showed that the high resolution of WGS provided important phylogenetic information that would not be captured by standard seven-loci MLST. Genomic epidemiology has provided novel insights into the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic diversity of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium species (1-8).BoNT subtypes are responsible for causing the serious paralytic disease botulism and their potent neuroparalytic activities make them one of the top (tier 1) agents considered to pose a significant threat to public health if used for bioterrorism (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations-Title 42: Part 73; http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi -bin/retrieveECFR?rϭPART&nϭ42y1.0.1.6.61) (9, 10). The same properties also make them powerful tools for both medical therapeutic and cosmetic applications (11).Botulism is a very rare disease in Australia (National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [NNDSS]; http://www9.health.gov .au/cda/source/cda-index.cfm), with only 20 cases reported since 1991. However, a global survey found that Australia had one of the highest numbers of notified cases of infant botulism in the world (12, 13). Infant botulism results from the ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores which germinate and temporarily colonize the infant's colon, followed by growth of vegetative cells that produce . This form of the disease only occurs in infants, generally under 1 year old, as they h...

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Genomic and physiological variability within Group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum

Cited by 51 publications

References 31 publications

Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data

Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data

An Atypical Outbreak of Food-Borne Botulism Due to Clostridium botulinum Types B and E from Ham

Genomic Epidemiology of Clostridium botulinum Isolates from Temporally Related Cases of Infant Botulism in New South Wales, Australia

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