Genome-wide Transcriptional Profiling of Appressorium Development by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Soanes, Darren M.; Chakrabarti, Apratim; Paszkiewicz, Konrad; Dawe, Angus L.; Talbot, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002514

Cited by 164 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In addition, three cell wall galactomannoproteins show high expression in NATuRE ECOlOgy & EvOluTiON fruiting bodies (up to logFC VM = 13.5, Supplementary Table 12), two of which were expressed only in caps, whereas ARMOST_19505 was highly expressed throughout development. These genes are homologous to the Aspergillus hydrophobic cell-surface protein HsbA, which has been hypothesized to recruit hydrolytic enzymes during lignocellulose degradation 34 and appressorium attachment to host surfaces 35 . As lignocellulose-related processes are inactive in fruiting bodies, their expression suggests specific roles during cap development, possibly in cell-wall remodelling.…”

Section: Morphogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

et al. 2017

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T he genus Armillaria causes root rot disease in both gymnoand angiosperms, in forests, parks, and even vineyards in more than 500 host plant species 1 across the world. Most Armillaria species are facultative necrotrophs, which, after colonizing and killing the root cambium, transition to a saprobic phase, decomposing dead woody tissues of the host. As saprotrophs, Armillaria spp. are white rot (WR) fungi, which can efficiently decompose all components of plant cell walls, including lignin, (hemi-)cellulose and pectin 2 . They produce fleshy fruiting bodies (honey mushrooms) that appear in large clumps around infected plants and produce sexual spores. The vegetative phase of Armillaria is predominantly diploid rather than dikaryotic like most basidiomycetes.Individuals of Armillaria can reach immense sizes and include the 'humongous fungus' , one of the largest terrestrial organisms on Earth 3 , measuring up to 965 hectares and 600 tons 4 , and can display a mutation rate ≅ 3 orders of magnitude lower than most filamentous fungi 5 . Individuals reach this immense size via growing rhizomorphs, dark mycelial strings 1-4 mm wide that allow the fungus to bridge gaps between food sources or host plants 1,6 (hence the name shoestring root rot). Rhizomorphs develop through the aggregation and coordinated parallel growth of hyphae, similar to some fruiting body tissues 7,8 . As migratory and exploratory organs, rhizomorphs can grow approximately 1 m yr −1 and cross several metres underground in search for new hosts, although roles in uptake and longrange translocation of nutrients have also been proposed 1,9,10 . Root contact by rhizomorphs is the main mode of infection by the fungus, which makes the prevention of recurrent infection in Armillariacontaminated areas particularly difficult 1 . Despite their huge impact on forestry, horticulture and agriculture, the genetics of the pathogenicity of Armillaria species is poorly understood. The only -omics data published so far have highlighted a substantial repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) and secreted proteins, among others, in A. mellea and A. solidipes 11,12 , while analyses of the genomes of other pathogenic basidiomycetes (such as Moniliophthora 13,14 , Heterobasidion 15 and Rhizoctonia 16 ) identified genes coding for PCWDEs, secreted and effector proteins or secondary metabolism (SM) as putative pathogenicity factors. However, the lifecycle and unique dispersal strategy of Armillaria prefigure other evolutionary routes to pathogenicity, which, along with other potential genomic factors (such as transposable elements 17 ) are not yet known.Here, we investigate genome evolution and the origin of pathogenicity in Armillaria using comparative genomics, transcriptomics

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Section: Morphogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

et al. 2017

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“…9,32 Similar to plant pathogenic fungi, 12,33 which require autophagy for infections, deletions of autophagy genes in M. robertsii also led to reduced pathogenicity. However, while the Moatg8 nullmutant of M. oryzae formed appressoria, 2,4 Mratg8Δ lost the ability to produce an infection structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage of autophagy to fungal development, lipid storage and virulence inMetarhizium robertsii

et al. 2013

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Autophagy is a highly conserved process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by degrading proteins or organelles in all eukaryotes. The effect of autophagy on fungal biology and infection of insect pathogens is unknown. here, we report the function of MrATG8, an ortholog of yeast ATG8, in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. MrATG8 can complement an ATG8-defective yeast strain and deletion of MrATG8 impaired autophagy, conidiation and fungal infection biology in M. robertsii. compared with the wild-type and gene-rescued mutant, Mratg8Δ is not inductive to form the infection-structure appressorium and is impaired in defense response against insect immunity. in addition, accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) is significantly reduced in the conidia of Mratg8Δ and the pathogenicity of the mutant is drastically impaired. We also found that the cellular level of a LD-specific perilipin-like protein is significantly lowered by deletion of MrATG8 and that the carboxyl terminus beyond the predicted protease cleavage site is dispensable for MrAtg8 function. To corroborate the role of autophagy in fungal physiology, the homologous genes of yeast ATG1, ATG4 and ATG15, designated as MrATG1, MrATG4 and MrATG15, were also deleted in M. robertsii. in contrast to Mratg8Δ, these mutants could form appressoria, however, the LD accumulation and virulence were also considerably impaired in the mutant strains. Our data showed that autophagy is required in M. robertsii for fungal differentiation, lipid biogenesis and insect infection. The results advance our understanding of autophagic process in fungi and provide evidence to connect autophagy with lipid metabolism.

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“…GH62 members were for example upregulated in U. maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae during the plant cell wall penetration process (Lanver et al, 2014;Soanes et al, 2012). Such synergistic action involving GH62 and other xylanolytic enzymes like e.g.…”

Section: -L-arabinofuranosidasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

GH62 arabinofuranosidases: Structure, function and applications

Wilkens

Andersen

Dumon

et al. 2017

Biotechnology Advances

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Motivated by industrial demands and ongoing scientific discoveries continuous efforts are made to identify and create improved biocatalysts dedicated to plant biomass conversion. --1,3 arabinofuranosyl specific -L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) are debranching enzymes catalyzing hydrolytic release -L-arabinofuranosyl residues, which decorate xylan or arabinan backbones in lignocellulosic and pectin constituents of plant cell walls. The CAZy database classifies -L-arabinofuranosidases in Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) families GH2, GH3, GH43, GH51, GH54 and GH62. Only GH62 contains exclusively -L-arabinofuranosidases and these are of fungal and bacterial origin. Twenty-two GH62 enzymes out of 223 entries in the CAZy database have been characterized and very recently new knowledge was acquired with regard to crystal structures, substrate specificities, and phylogenetics, which overall provides novel insights into structure/function relationships of GH62. Overall GH62 -L-arabinofuranosidases are believed to play important roles in nature by acting in synergy with several cell wall degrading enzymes and members of GH62 represent promising candidates for biotechnological improvements of biofuel production and in various biorefinery applications.3

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Genome-wide Transcriptional Profiling of Appressorium Development by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Cited by 164 publications

References 59 publications

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

Linkage of autophagy to fungal development, lipid storage and virulence inMetarhizium robertsii

GH62 arabinofuranosidases: Structure, function and applications

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