Genome-wide sequence identification and expression analysis of ARF family in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under salinity stresses

Abstract

Auxin response factor (ARF) proteins respond to biological and abiotic stresses and play important roles in regulating plant growth and development. In this study, based on the genome-wide database of sugar beet, 16 BvARF proteins were identified. A detailed investigation into the BvARF family is performed, including analysis of the conserved domains, chromosomal locations, phylogeny, exon-intron structure, conserved motifs, subcellular localization, gene ontology (GO) annotations and expression profiles of BvARF under salt-tolerant condition. The majority of BvARF proteins contain B3 domain, AUX_RESP domain and AUX/IAA domain and a few lacked of AUX/IAA domain. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the 16 BvARF proteins are clustered into six groups. Expression profile analysis shows that most of these BvARF genes in sugar beet under salinity stress were up-regulated or down-regulated to varying degrees and nine of the BvARF genes changed significantly. They were thought to have a significant response to salinity stress. The current study provides basic information for the BvARF genes and will pave the way for further studies on the roles of BvARF genes in regulating sugar beet’s growth, development and responses to salinity stress.

Genome–Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Genes in Eggplant

“…The functions of ARFs have been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana , tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), papaya ( Carica papaya L.), sugar beet, peach, and other plant species [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. AtARF 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 17 , and 19 regulate apical bud formation, pollen wall synthesis, vascular bundle development, hypocotyl tropic movement, and adventitious root formation [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

“…Soil salinization is one of the most crucial abiotic stresses that affects the growth of plant leaves, roots, and stems [ 37 ]. Various ARF genes act in response to salinity stress in some plants, such as sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), sweet potato, and Tamarix chinensis [ 19 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. It has been reported that many SlARFs were differentially expressed in tomato leaves and roots under salt stress conditions, and all SlARF genes were down–regulated in leaves except SlARF1 , SlARF4 , and SlARF19 , whose expression was significantly induced [ 38 ].…”

“…In rice, both OsARF11 and OsARF15 showed differential expression under salt stress conditions [ 40 ]. Most BvARF genes in sugar beet were up–regulated or down–regulated to varying degrees by salt stress, and with significant changes in nine genes [ 19 ]. In Tamarix chinensis, the expression profiling of TcARFs showed that only TcARF6 responds to salt stress [ 42 ].These reports suggest that ARFs respond to salt stress and participate in the crosstalk between auxin and salt stress signaling.…”

Identification of ARF genes in Cucurbita pepo L and analysis of expression patterns, and functional analysis of CpARF22 under drought, salt stress

“…31 Apple ( Malus pumila ) ARF genes have been identified in apple [ 12 ]. In addition, most BvARF genes were found to be strongly responsive to salt stress [ 13 ]. Research in Sorghum showed that the SbARF genes are mainly down-regulated under salt stress in the root, and most SbARF genes show significant down-regulation under drought stress, and the expression of three genes ( SbARF10,16 and 21 ) was significantly up-regulated [ 14 ].…”