Genome-wide identification of Cellulose-like synthase D gene family in Dendrobium catenatum

Abstract

Dendrobium catenatum, which grows on the semi humid rocks in the mountains, has been at the top of the 'Nine Immortals of China' since ancient times. It is a kind of yin tonic medicine and its main active component is polysaccharide. Cellulose synthase-like D(CslD) genes were predicted to catalyse the biosynthesis of 1,4-β-d-glycan backbone of hemicelluloses, which plays fundamental roles in plant development. To investigate the role of CslD in the development of D. catenatum, eight CslD genes (DcCslD1,2a,2b,3a,3b,4a,4b,5) were identified. The results of protein prediction and analysis showed that CslD2a/2b/4a/4b proteins were acidic proteins. All the proteins had obvious hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions, and had transmembrane structure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the DcCslD family could be divided into group I, II, III and IV. DcCslD proteins had a typical Cellulose synthase domain and similar protein structures to the CslDs of other plants. Their promoter regions contain cis regulatory elements related to stress and hormone response. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the identified DcCslDs were differentially expressed in roots, stems and leaves. Most of them were highly expressed in stems and leaves. The environmental stresses examination showed that the expression levels of DcCslD5 were closely associated with drought-recovery treatment; the expression levels of DcCslD1, DcCslD2a, DcCslD2b, DcCslD3a and DcCslD5 were significantly influenced by low temperature. This study systematically analyzed the sequence characteristics of CslD protein of D. catenatum, which can provide reference for further study on the function of CslD protein in the polysaccharide metabolism of D. catenatum.

Expression of Exogenous GFP-CesA6 in Tobacco Enhances Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Biomass Production

“…In Arabidopsis , the overexpression of CesA6 - like genes has been suggested to influence both cell expansion and division [ 22 ]. Furthermore, it has been reported that several cellulose synthase-like ( Csl ) genes promote cell division and affect cell cycle, including CslD5 during Arabidopsis stomatal lineage development [ 66 ] and in meristems [ 67 ], CslD1 in maize [ 68 ], CslDs ( CslD1 , CslD2a , CslD2b , CslD3a , CslD5 ) in Dendrobium catenatum [ 69 ], and CslD4 in rice [ 70 ]. The increase of all parameters related to the dimension of F 3 1 stem, leaves, and roots is in line with the above-mentioned results, suggesting that both cell division and cell expansion are increased in the F 3 1 line.…”

Genome-wide identification and adaptive evolution of CesA/Csl superfamily among species with different life forms in Orchidaceae

“…It is conserved in all terrestrial plants and is involved in various aspects of the plant life cycle, including polysaccharide synthesis ( Zhang et al, 2016 ; Yu et al, 2018 ; Zhan, 2019 ), responses to environmental stimuli ( Song et al, 2019 ), cell expansion and division ( Yang et al, 2016 ; Peng et al, 2019 ), as well as plant development ( Bernal et al, 2008 ; Luan et al, 2011 ; Yoo et al, 2012 ). Studies have shown that DcCslDs are differentially expressed in roots, stems, and leaves of D. catenatum using qRT-PCR ( Xi et al, 2021 ). The drought-resistant recovery treatment was closely related to the expression level of DcCslD5 , and low-temperature stress significantly affected the expression levels of DcCslD1, DcCslD2a, DcCslD2b, DcCslD3a , and DcCslD5 ( Xi et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Studies have shown that DcCslDs are differentially expressed in roots, stems, and leaves of D. catenatum using qRT-PCR ( Xi et al, 2021 ). The drought-resistant recovery treatment was closely related to the expression level of DcCslD5 , and low-temperature stress significantly affected the expression levels of DcCslD1, DcCslD2a, DcCslD2b, DcCslD3a , and DcCslD5 ( Xi et al, 2021 ). In our study, the CslD gene mainly expanded in epiphytic and partly in terrestrial orchids, but not in saprophytic orchids, which indicated that expansion of the CslD gene, which mainly synthesizes polysaccharides, might have promoted the adaptation of epiphytic orchids to extreme environments under positive selection.…”

“…Previous studies showed that the expression levels of CesA/Csl genes in the various tissues are differentiation which is also related to the abiotic stress in different species, such as Arabidopsis, rice, and orchids ( Hamann et al, 2004 ; Kilian et al, 2007 ; Wang et al, 2010 ; Zhu et al, 2010 ; Lan et al, 2019 ; Gao et al, 2020 ; Xi et al, 2021 ). Our transcriptome analysis of eight orchid species ( Figure 4 ) suggested that different CesA/Csl subfamilies with distinctly biased expression patterns in stems might be related to their adaptive ability to different environmental stresses.…”

“…Among the above nine orchid species, D. officinale , D. huoshanense , D. chrysotoxum , P. equestris , and P. aphrodite are epiphytic; C. ensifolium , V. planifolia , and A. shenzhenica are terrestrial; and G. elata is saprophytic. These species differ in the composition of the cell wall membrane, which synthesizes various types of active polysaccharides by the expression and regulation of related CesA/Csl genes, while their life forms are divergent via adapting to their specific local environmental conditions ( Zhang et al, 2016 ; Lan et al, 2019 ; Gao et al, 2020 ; Idris et al, 2021 ; Xi et al, 2021 ).…”