“…Mononuclear cells are a key cell type in the immune system involved in regulating inflammatory responses and tissue repair [ 30 , 31 ]. In OS and ONFH, mononuclear cell differentiation may be closely related to the TME, inflammatory responses, and bone tissue repair [ 32 ]. Cell adhesion, an important mechanism of cell–cell interaction, is crucial for tumor invasion and metastasis as well as bone tissue regeneration and repair [ 33 ].…”